Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya

ISSN (print)0130-3864

Media registration certificate: No. 0110133 dated 02/05/1993

Founder: Institute of General History RAS, Russian Academy of Sciences

Editor-in-Chief: Mirzekhanov Velikhan Salmankhanovich

Number of issues per year: 6

Indexation: RISC, list of Higher Attestation Commissions, CrossRef, White List (level 2nd), Scopus

«Modern and Contemporary History» is a leading Russian historical periodical devoted to the problems of modern and contemporary history, methodology, source studies and historiography of world history, as well as the history of international relations and foreign policy. The Journal brings together professional historians from all over the world dealing with the problems of world history, introduces readers to the most up-to-date research in both Russian and international historical science, and informs them of the most important scholarly events.

The Journal was founded by the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) itself. It is published six times a year and covers the problems of international political, economic, and social history, the theory and methodology of historical science, the history of international relations, and historiography. Considerable attention is paid to the publication of historical sources (documents, memoirs), coverage of events academic life, and scholarly criticism.

The Journal is included in the List of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission for the publication of doctoral theses. All articles published in the journal correspond to the Nomenclature of Specialties of Scientists, approved by Order No. 1027 of the of Ministry of Education and Science of Russia of October 23, 2017:

  • 00.00 Historical Sciences and Archeology:
  • 00.03 World History
  • 00.09 Historiography, Source Study and Methods of Historical Research
  • 00.10 History of Science and Technology
  • 00.15 History of International Relations and Foreign Policy

Articles published in the journal are indexed by Scopus, the Russian Scientific Citations Index and RSCI Web of Science. In accordance with the international standard of scientific periodicals, each published article receives its unique DOI code (Digital Object Identifier).

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编号 3 (2025)

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Theory and methodology of history

Nation-Building and Secularisation: Multiple Modernities and the Specificity of the West
Bondarenko D.
摘要

The nation, understood as a supra-ethnic socio-cultural community, is a phenomenon of modernity. The first nations emerged in Europe and the broader Western world during the modern time, closely linked to the process of secularisation. However, secularisation should not be conflated with atheisation – the outright rejection of belief in the transcendent. At its core, secularity entails the recognition of religious pluralism as a normative feature of a single society and state. In the eighteenth century, when the first nations were taking shape, secularisation had evolved into atheisation. The shift away from viewing modernisation as synonymous with Westernisation – epitomised by the concept of multiple modernities – enables a more nuanced understanding of atheisation as a distinctively Western factor in nation-building.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):5-15
pages 5-15 views
The Evolution of Approaches to Socio-Economic Policy in the USSR, 1930–1936: Historical and Historiographical Perspectives
Feldman M.
摘要

This article examines the evolution of approaches to the development and implementation of socio-economic policy in the USSR during the period 1930–1936, offering a critical reassessment of the traditional Soviet-era thesis that emphasised the scientific planning and successful execution of the five-year plans, along with sectoral and regional development. Over the past three decades, this thesis has been subject to significant critique, which complicates the understanding of the origins and dynamics of changes in the management of the Soviet industrial project. A key question remains: how did the USSR’s managerial corps manage to execute the industrialisation objectives of the first pre-war five-year plans, thus creating a military-industrial capacity capable of resisting Nazi Germany and its allies? The article addresses this question through an exploration of the role played by the All-Union Meetings of business executives between 1931 and 1936, highlighting how their decisions influenced the development and implementation of socio-economic programmes. It is argued that these meetings introduced key provisions into Soviet economic theory, which became the foundation for future reforms, including the State Programme for the Compulsory Technical Training of Workers, initiated in 1936. Additionally, the article explores the interaction between the party-state elite and the directorate, emphasising the degree of support from Soviet leadership for a more rational economic course during this period. Drawing on both published and archival sources, it concludes that the materials from party forums (1930–1935) reveal the capacity of Soviet elites to move away from the most extreme elements of the radical course of the Great Turning Point.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):16-29
pages 16-29 views
Russian Concepts of Globalization and Their Academic Potential
Sindeev A.
摘要

This article examines three dominant conceptions of globalisation in contemporary Russian scholarship, aiming to assess their academic potential. These are the concept of multipolar globalisation, the concept of the globalisation of centres, and the concept of value-oriented globalisation. Each represents both the culmination of intellectual inquiry to date and a prevailing direction in the ongoing search for a new model of future globalisation. The concept of multipolar globalisation is underpinned by hypotheses concerning an ordered global system and its governance. The concept of the globalisation of centres is based on the premise that globalisation can emerge through agreements among key geopolitical hubs. Meanwhile, the concept of value-oriented globalisation emphasises the role of traditional values in shaping global processes. The article is structured into six sections: the first three analyse these concepts individually, the fourth compares them and evaluates their academic potential, and the fifth verifies the preliminary findings through a historiographical review of works by Vladimir Baranovsky, Alexey Gromyko, Alexander Dynkin, and Andrey Kortunov. The final section explores how these concepts may be applied to historical research on globalisation and the development of Russian academic thought, with the aim of overcoming fragmentation and fostering dialogue and international cooperation. This article is intended as a contribution to ongoing discussions in the field; however, it does not engage in a detailed examination of the relationship between globalisation and global history.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):30-40
pages 30-40 views

Modern history

Native American Political Strategies and the Development of Ethno-Racial Stratification in Seventeenth-Century New England
Aleksandrov G.
摘要

The political agency of Native American populations in early colonial New England is frequently underestimated. Both popular culture and, at times, scholarly discourse depict Native Americans as passive victims of colonial expansion, lacking the capacity to shape the transformative processes that redefined their world. This perspective, rooted in the nineteenth-century “noble savage” trope, fails to capture the complexity of Native political engagement. This article explores the diverse strategies employed by Native American leaders throughout the seventeenth century as they sought to navigate and influence colonial structures. While individual leaders pursued diplomatic relationships with colonial authorities, collective strategies – most notably conversion to Christianity – were employed to secure a place within the emerging colonial order. Key examples of successful political adaptation include Ousamequin, the first sachem to forge an alliance with the colonies; Uncas, the Mohegan leader; and Robin Cassacinamon, the Pequot intermediary who played a crucial role in Native-colonial relations. Although their approaches varied, they shared common elements that underscore the adaptability of Native American political cultures. Rather than relying solely on resistance, these strategies shaped colonial history, influencing immediate political developments and contributing to the formation of ethno-racial stratification in both colonial and later American society.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):41-54
pages 41-54 views
Nikolai Timofeevich Bogatsky (1837–1913): Portrait Painter and Official of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Shatokhina-Mordvintseva G.
摘要

The name of Nikolai Timofeevich Bogatsky is familiar to anyone who has encountered the portraits of Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, painted by him in the 1870s. Nevertheless, biographical information on Bogatsky remains extremely limited. To date, there has been no dedicated scholarly research on Bogatsky as a painter in either Russian or international historiography. Moreover, the fact that he served primarily as an official within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has only recently come to light through a regional art publication. This article presents the first scholarly reconstruction of Bogatsky’s life and career. It draws upon previously unexamined documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, including Bogatsky’s certificate of service and official service record (formulary), as well as “Yearbooks” of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, late 19th-century St. Petersburg reference directories, biographical compendia of Russian artists, and museum collection catalogues. These sources have enabled the compilation of a detailed biographical account, including information on Bogatsky’s family, and have allowed the tracing of his life from his early years as a singer at the Imperial Court Chapel Choir in 1847 to his retirement in 1890 as a court counsellor in the Department of Staff and Household. In addition to documenting his civil service career, the article also examines Bogatsky’s parallel artistic endeavours, highlighting distinctive characteristics of his work as a portrait painter who was both well-known and in demand during the second half of the 19th century. Newly discovered archival material has made it possible to fill a key gap in his biography by establishing the precise dates of his birth and death: 11 May 1837 – 26 August 1913.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):55-66
pages 55-66 views
The Resignation of President Patrice de MacMahon and the Stabilisation of the French Republican System: Insights from the Russian Ambassador in Paris
Cherkasov P.
摘要

This article explores a pivotal moment in the history of the early Third Republic, when the victory of the Republicans marked the end of their long-standing confrontation with monarchist factions. On 30 January 1879, President Patrice de MacMahon, a leader of the clerical-monarchist reaction, resigned prematurely. On the same day, Jules Grévy, a prominent Republican figure, was elected as his successor, consolidating Republican control over both the executive and legislative branches of government. The dramatic events surrounding these developments are extensively documented in the diplomatic correspondence of the Russian Ambassador to Paris, Prince Nikolai Alekseevich Orloff. His deep understanding of French political realities and extensive connections within the highest political echelons made Orloff one of the most informed observers of the final establishment of the republican system in France. His dispatches and analytical notes to St. Petersburg serve as valuable primary sources for understanding the political history of France in the 1870s. Orloff’s correspondence provides unique insights, revealing the behind-the-scenes dynamics of French political life during this crucial period. Following the adoption of the republican constitution in 1875 and the Republicans’ victory in the subsequent legislative elections, Orloff increasingly saw MacMahon’s resignation as inevitable. However, like many others, he did not anticipate that the resignation would be voluntarily initiated by the Marshal-President himself. In his analysis of the situation, Orloff acknowledged the potential for monarchist attempts to destabilise the republican regime. This article draws upon Orloff’s correspondence during this transformative period in French history, offering a detailed examination of the political context surrounding MacMahon’s resignation and the consolidation of the French Republic.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):67-80
pages 67-80 views
The Polish Question in Russian-German Inter-Imperial Relations: Cooperation or Confrontation? A Study Based on Archival Documents
Matveeva A.
摘要

German policy towards the Polish national minority has seldom been examined by Russian historians. Furthermore, no dedicated studies have yet addressed the inter-imperial interactions among the three powers involved in the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, despite the evident historical significance of this issue. The tumultuous period of Russian and Polish history surrounding the 1863–1864 uprising (the January Uprising) exemplifies a temporary cooperation between Prussia and Russia, driven by mutual interests in supporting each other’s political objectives. However, following Otto von Bismarck’s resignation and Germany’s subsequent shift in foreign policy – from maintaining relatively close and mutually beneficial relations with Russia to a deliberate rupture – the policies of both powers regarding the Polish question increasingly reflected their respective domestic political concerns and long-term foreign strategies. The years 1890–1897, selected for this study, mark a transitional period, shifting from Bismarck’s cautious diplomacy to the “world policy” of Bernhard von Bülow and Wilhelm II. This period saw Germany view the Polish territories as a potential theatre for future conflict with Russia, prompting a return to harsh Germanisation policies, although these were briefly moderated by the conciliatory “New Course”. During this time, both Berlin and St. Petersburg became less interested in inter-imperial cooperation, with their focus shifting away from the Polish issue. The primary sources for this article are diplomatic documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, many of which are being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):81-93
pages 81-93 views

20th century

The Scientific and Organizational Activities of the Russian Committee for the Study of Central and Eastern Asia, 1910–1915: German Expeditions and the Expeditions of Sergey Malov
Bondar L., Bukharin M.
摘要

One of the most significant components of the archival collection of the Russian Committee for the Study of Central and Eastern Asia (F. 148; hereinafter referred to as the Russian Committee), housed in the St Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPbF ARAN), consists of documents that illuminate the academic policies of late imperial Russia on an international scale. The cooperation and conflicts between Russian researchers in north-western China and their German counterparts represent an important chapter in the history of early twentieth-century scholarly exploration. The archival materials from the Russian Committee’s collection at SPbF ARAN provide substantial new insights that complement previously available data from the Sergey Oldenburg's fund. Additionally, these documents significantly enhance our understanding of the scholarly work conducted in East Turkestan by the renowned linguist, ethnographer, and Turkologist Sergey Malov. The collection also preserves records of other researchers whose contributions have shaped the study of the ancient and medieval history of East Turkestan. The publication of these materials will offer valuable perspectives on the history of East Turkestan’s exploration, the academic policies of the Russian Empire, and the evolution of international relations in Central Asia and the Far East in the early twentieth century.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):94-104
pages 94-104 views
Rheta Dorr: Inspired and Sobered by the Russian Revolution
Zhuravleva V.
摘要

This article is devoted to the perception of the 1917 Russian revolution as it evolved from February to October by Rheta Dorr, a famous US journalist, feminist, and political activist. Unlike other American observers of the events in the far-away Russia, Dorr did not merit any major studies, and her personal papers did not survive in any archive. And yet, in her activities and writings, this woman embodied the pro-reform spirit of the Progressive era in the United States that manifested in many phenomena from muckraking journalism and suffragism to the settlement house movement and “highbrow socialism”. Dorr’s articles and her travelogue “Inside the Russian revolution” also demonstrated the increased interest in the Revolutionary Russia that was typical for many Americans of various political views. The author appeals to the constructivist approach and demonstrates that Dorr’s narrative about the Russian revolution was tied into her gender identity and into her vision of the ways of reforming the American society itself. This also fitted into several discourses of viewing the prospects Russia’s renewal that existed in the American society in the early 20th century and related to constructing the national identity in the United States. All of them were incorporated into the works of American Slavists, political writings, and journalism and remain relevant even now as they formed the foundations of what can be termed the American phenomenology of the Russian revolution.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):105-119
pages 105-119 views
Anglo-French Military Planning in the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea Region on the Eve of World War II: Staff Consultations, March – June 1939
Fomin A.
摘要

The article explores the cooperation between the British and French military leadership in early 1939, as they prepared for potential operations in the “colonial” theatres of war against Fascist Italy, should it enter the anticipated conflict on the side of Nazi Germany. The author focuses on bilateral Anglo-French staff consultations held first in London, and subsequently in the administrative centres of colonial and mandated territories between March and June 1939. These discussions addressed detailed plans for military operations in North and East Africa – particularly in regions where Italian colonies bordered British and French possessions – as well as joint defensive measures for the Middle East. In addition to conventional plans involving the deployment of ground forces, naval units, and air power, proposals were advanced to destabilise the Italian rear by fomenting uprisings among local populations in Libya and Ethiopia. Although French representatives expressed greater confidence in the prospects for success than their British counterparts, even a superficial comparison of available forces soon led to the abandonment of hopes for a swift victory over Italy at the outset of the war. The consultations highlighted the inadequate state of military preparedness in both countries – a direct consequence of the protracted policy of appeasement towards Fascist Italy, pursued in vain by the Western powers in an effort to detach it from its alliance with Nazi Germany.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):120-133
pages 120-133 views
The Propaganda Preparations for Nazi Aggression Against the USSR and German Public Sentiment in June 1941
Allenov S.
摘要

The question of why Nazi propaganda was so effective in securing widespread German support for the invasion of the Soviet Union has remained a central issue in Second World War historiography for decades. This article critically examines the prevailing domestic and international historiographical perspectives that attribute this success to the early and persistent introduction of colonisation narratives and the racial inferiority of Slavic peoples – concepts advanced by Hitler in “Mein Kampf” – into the German mass consciousness. By analysing public Nazi anti-Soviet propaganda materials, as well as Hitler’s and Goebbels’ classified directives on its implementation, this study seeks to determine the extent to which wartime propaganda aligned with Hitler’s racial and geopolitical doctrine and Germany’s actual strategic objectives. The findings suggest that the German leadership deliberately refrained from employing racial and colonial rhetoric to legitimise the attack on the USSR, instead advancing the narrative of a “preventive” and thus “just” war. Moreover, Nazi aggression was not widely perceived by the German public as a realisation of Hitler’s plans for the conquest of “Eastern space”. These conclusions contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and effectiveness of Nazi propaganda in mobilising German society for total war.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):134-148
pages 134-148 views

Contemporary history

Irreechaa: Oromo National Identity and the Revival of Traditions in Contemporary Ethiopia
Ivanova L.
摘要

Irreechaa, the annual festival of the Oromo – Ethiopia’s largest ethnic group – has undergone a remarkable transformation, evolving from a banned event to a recognised element of national cultural heritage and an attraction for international tourism. This shift has been facilitated by national policies and the growing academic study of Oromo culture and history. Originally devoid of political connotations, Irreechaa has increasingly become a tool for revolutionary change and a symbol of the Oromo struggle for official recognition of their national identity and historical contributions to Ethiopia. It has also become central to the Oromo national consciousness, known as “Oromummaa”, which is based on three key elements: ethnicity, the Oromo language, and ancestral land. The ritual of Irreechaa simultaneously affirms the distinctiveness of the Oromo while also connecting them to the broader ancient African cultural tradition, in which beliefs in the spirits of water and trees were widespread. Despite religious diversity among the Oromo, many consider themselves followers of “waaqeffanna”, their traditional faith, of which Irreechaa is an integral part. Furthermore, representatives of other Ethiopian ethnic groups also participate in the annual pilgrimage to Oromo sacred sites. As Irreechaa gains increasing media attention, its original sacredness is gradually diminishing – just as historically sacred sites are being transformed by tourism infrastructure – an arguably inevitable consequence of globalisation.

Soviet and Russian scholarship, historically rooted in Amhara-centric perspectives, has largely overlooked Oromo culture, focusing primarily on the “gadaa” age-class system. However, in recent years, there has been growing academic interest in the Oromo national movement, particularly among its youth.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):149-158
pages 149-158 views
The “Albanian Question” in North Macedonia: a Party-Political Struggle
Podchasov N.
摘要

This study examines the dynamics of the party system in North Macedonia, with a particular focus on the development of the Albanian representation in the Macedonian parliament. The chronological scope extends from the republic’s secession from Yugoslavia in 1991 to the formation of Hristijan Mickoski’s government in June 2024. The analysis considers the ethnic division of political forces in North Macedonia, identifying key trends in the interaction between Macedonian and Albanian parties and proposing a periodisation of the system’s evolution. The study is based on electoral results from municipal, parliamentary, and presidential elections, public statements by political figures, sociological survey data, Macedonian media reports, and official documents. The findings indicate four distinct phases in the development of North Macedonia’s party-political system. The first phase (1991–2008) was marked by relatively stable coalitions between Albanian and Macedonian parties. The second phase (2008–2016) saw the emergence of a pattern in which the dominant party within the Macedonian bloc formed a coalition with the leading party of the Albanian bloc. The third phase was characterised by an increase in the number of influential Albanian political actors, while still operating within a predominantly two-party framework. The fourth phase, beginning with Hristijan Mickoski’s tenure in June 2024, is distinguished by the exclusion of the leading Albanian party, the Democratic Union for Integration, from the ruling coalition.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):159-171
pages 159-171 views
Kyrgyz Migration to Russia, 2005–2020: From the Tulip Revolution to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Avdashkin A.
摘要

This study examines migration flows between Kyrgyzstan and Russia during a period marked by a steady increase in the number of labour migrants from Central Asia, while political instability in Kyrgyzstan remained a major push factor. Although these migration trends have been addressed in recent historiography, they have often been analysed in a limited or fragmented manner. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of migration from Kyrgyzstan to Russia, drawing upon archival materials from the Federal Migration Service (FMS) of the Russian Federation, statistical data from the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, and reports from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on Kyrgyzstan. The study presents both the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of Kyrgyz migration, including trends in the acquisition of Russian citizenship, and highlights key challenges arising from the rapid increase in labour migration following the Tulip Revolution (2005) and the April Revolution (2010). Despite several periods of economic decline in Russia during the period under review, which temporarily reduced migration flows from Central Asia, transnational ties between Russia and Kyrgyzstan remained stable and adaptable. This is evidenced by the sustained employment of Kyrgyz nationals in the Russian economy and the continued significance of remittances as a share of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):172-186
pages 172-186 views

Analysing original documents

“Not a Step Back”: Pages from Marshal Budyonny’s Frontline Notebook, June – August 1942
Bezugolny A.
摘要

This publication presents, for the first time, the wartime notebook kept by Marshal Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny during his command of the North Caucasian Front in the summer of 1942. The entries cover the period from 25 June to 2 August 1942, a time marked by intense defensive operations by Soviet forces in the Great Bend of the Don – an area that became the staging ground for subsequent battles in the North Caucasus and along the Lower Volga near Stalingrad. The document is accompanied by a scholarly introduction and detailed commentary. This edition provides new insights into situational assessments, as well as the processes of command decision-making and execution during the pivotal fighting on the Don Front in July 1942 – an episode that proved critical to the broader Soviet defensive campaign on the southern flank of the Eastern Front in the summer and autumn of that year.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):187-210
pages 187-210 views

Messages

Fritz Schäffer: Architect of West Germany’s Economic Miracle
Strelets M., Popov I.
摘要

This article examines the role of the Bavarian and West German politician Fritz Schäffer as Minister of Finance of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from 1949 to 1957. The study aims to assess his financial policies and their impact on the economic and broader development of West Germany during this period. It concludes that Schäffer’s fiscal policies were a crucial prerequisite for both the “Wirtschaftswunder” and the further consolidation of West German sovereignty. He was credited with achieving balanced budgets despite limited tax revenues and the growing financial obligations of the federal government. This enabled the stabilisation of the currency, the restoration of Germany’s creditworthiness, and the near-total financing of federal expenditures from domestic revenue without reliance on new debt. Schäffer also implemented the largest tax reduction of the period, which helped address capital shortages and provided a strong stimulus for economic growth. His firm stance on reducing occupation costs and his willingness to fully support West Germany’s planned entry into the European Defence Community accelerated negotiations for the abolition of the Occupation Statute and the country’s accession to NATO.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):211-226
pages 211-226 views
Walking Out of Step, Yet Staying Ahead in the Study of Conservatism: Reflections on the 90th Anniversary of Pavel Yukhimovich Rakhshmir
Fadeeva L., Vershinina D.
摘要

This article explores the relationship between academic relevance and political context in the study of conservatism within Russian historical scholarship. The authors examine the intellectual journey of Pavel Yukhimovich Rakhshmir (1935–2024), a historian from Perm, and particularly his contributions to the study of conservatism. The analysis draws on Rakhshmir’s monographs and articles, both scholarly and journalistic. The article highlights Rakhshmir’s organisational efforts, notably his role as the founder and head of the Centre for Conservatism Studies at Perm State University, editor of the Studies in Conservatism series (six issues), and organiser of several conferences addressing the definition, typology, and political dynamics of conservatism in the 20th century. Significant attention is given to Rakhshmir’s analysis of conservative ideologists and political leaders, emphasising his preference for representatives of the missionary type and charismatic leaders over those favouring the Gaitskellian consensus. In light of the resurgence of conservatism at the turn of the 21st century, Rakhshmir’s critical perspective on conservatism’s stance towards multiculturalism and other cultural issues holds notable prognostic potential. He also laid the conceptual foundations for his students’ dissertation research on national models and types of conservatism. The article underscores Rakhshmir’s pivotal role in the development of the Political Studies school at Perm State University, highlighting his analytical depth, academic integrity, and passionate commitment to research.

Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya. 2025;(3):227-239
pages 227-239 views

Reviews

pages 240-245 views
pages 245-253 views

Academic life

pages 254-254 views