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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">624248</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2023.8.202350</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neural tube defects: current view on etiology, prenatal prevention, and early diagnosis. A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Дефекты нервной трубки: современные представления об этиологии, дородовой профилактике и возможностях ранней диагностики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chugunova</surname><given-names>Liliyana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чугунова</surname><given-names>Лилияна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд-ния ультразвуковой и функциональной диагностики</p></bio><email>l_chugunova@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Piskulina</surname><given-names>Alexandra A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пискулина</surname><given-names>Александра Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Medical Resident</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор </p></bio><email>a_piskylina@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostiukov</surname><given-names>Kirill V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюков</surname><given-names>Кирилл Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, рук. отд-ния ультразвуковой и функциональной диагностики</p></bio><email>k_kostukov@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>8</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Pediatrics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Детские болезни</issue-title><fpage>491</fpage><lpage>496</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/624248">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/624248</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A literature review on the etiology, prevention, and early diagnosis of neural tube defects is presented, focusing on the causes and risk factors for these disorders. Various pathogenetic mechanisms for neural tube defects and the role of folic acid in their prevention are described. The main stages of ultrasound evaluation of the central nervous system structures in the first trimester of pregnancy are addressed. A basic ultrasound imaging technique that allows to identify spina bifida is provided. This review aims to present current data on the etiology, prevention, and early diagnosis of neural tube defects. A search was conducted in domestic and foreign literature databases (eLIBRARY, Medline/PubMed, Embase, Crossref, RSCI) using the keywords "neural tube defect," "spina bifida," "prenatal diagnosis," "folic acid," "meningomyelocele," "myeloschisis." Twenty-five papers met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Healthcare providers' awareness of the methods of prenatal prophylaxis and the possibilities of early perinatal ultrasound diagnosis of neural tube defects will reduce their incidence and infant morbidity rates and increase the effectiveness of medical care.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлен обзор литературных данных об этиологии, профилактике и возможностях ранней диагностики дефектов нервной трубки. Уделено внимание причинам и факторам риска развития данной патологии. Разбираются различные патогенетические механизмы формирования незаращения нервной трубки, в том числе роль фолиевой кислоты в профилактике его возникновения. Освещены основные этапы ультразвуковой оценки структур центральной нервной системы в I триместре беременности. Приведена методика получения основных ультразвуковых изображений, позволяющих идентифицировать открытый спинальный дизрафизм. Цель обзора – представление современных данных об этиологии, профилактике и возможностях ранней диагностики. По ключевым словам «дефект нервной трубки», «spina bifida», «пренатальная диагностика», «фолиевая кислота», «менингомиелоцеле», «миелошизис» проведен анализ отечественных и зарубежных литературных баз данных: elibrary, Medline/PubMed, Embase, Crossref, РИНЦ. В соответствии с поставленной целью отобрано для анализа 25 источников литературы. Осведомленность практикующих специалистов о методах дородовой профилактики и возможностях ранней перинатальной ультразвуковой диагностики дефектов нервной трубки позволит снизить частоту данной патологии, уменьшить показатели детской заболеваемости и повысить эффективность оказания медицинской помощи.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neural tube defect</kwd><kwd>spina bifida</kwd><kwd>prenatal diagnosis</kwd><kwd>folic acid</kwd><kwd>meningomyelocele</kwd><kwd>myeloschisis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дефект нервной трубки</kwd><kwd>spina bifida</kwd><kwd>пренатальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>фолиевая кислота</kwd><kwd>менингомиелоцеле</kwd><kwd>миелошизис</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Демикова Н.С., Подольная М.А., Лапина А.С. Частота и временные тренды дефектов нервной трубки в регионах Российской Федерации. 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