Consilium MedicumConsilium MedicumConsilium MedicumConsilium Medicum2075-17532542-2170Consilium Medicum63327210.26442/20751753.2024.3.202749ArticlesСтатьиReview ArticleVitamin-mineral complexes to help adult patients frequently suffering with acute respiratory viral infections: A reviewВитаминно-минеральные комплексы в помощь взрослым пациентам, часто болеющим острыми респираторными вирусными инфекциямиhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1597-1876TrukhanDmitry I.ТруханДмитрий Иванович
Russian Federation

D. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof.

д-р мед. наук, доц., проф. каф. поликлинической терапии и внутренних болезней

dmitry_trukhan@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3668-1023BagishevaNatalya V.БагишеваНаталья Викторовна
Russian Federation

D. Sci. (Med.)

д-р мед. наук, доц. каф. поликлинической терапии и внутренних болезней

ppi100@mail.ruOmsk State Medical UniversityФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России18052024263Otorhinolaryngology and pulmonologyОториноларингология и пульмонология1641710606202406062024Copyright ©; 2024, Consilium MedicumCopyright ©; 2024, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"2024Consilium MedicumООО "Консилиум Медикум"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/633272

Acute respiratory viral infections are widespread diseases, poorly controlled infections and are characterized by moderately pronounced constant growth. The use of vitamin-mineral complexes (nutraceuticals) for nonspecific prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections is experiencing a “second youth” thanks to new data accumulated during the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic. As part of the review, we examined the possible impact of deficiency of the microelements selenium and zinc, vitamins A, E and C on various aspects of the course of ARVI: nonspecific prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. We searched for relevant sources in the PubMed and Scopus information databases, including the time period up to 04.07.2024. The presence in the arsenal of a practicing physician of 2 forms of the vitamin-mineral complex Selzinc® at the outpatient stage of medical care will increase the effectiveness of nonspecific prevention of ARVI in the pre-epidemic period, especially in “frequently ill adults with ARVI,” as well as the treatment of ARVI as adjuvant therapy and subsequent rehabilitation.

Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции (ОРВИ) относятся к массовым заболеваниям, плохо контролируемым инфекциям и характеризуются умеренно выраженным постоянным ростом. Применение витаминно-минеральных комплексов (нутрицевтиков) для неспецифической профилактики и лечения ОРВИ переживает «вторую молодость» благодаря новым данным, накопленным во время пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). В рамках обзора рассмотрено возможное влияние дефицита микроэлементов селена и цинка, витаминов А, Е и С на различные аспекты течения ОРВИ: неспецифическую профилактику, лечение и реабилитацию. Проведен поиск соответствующих источников в информационных базах PubMed и Scopus, включавший временной период до 07.04.2024. Наличие в арсенале практического врача двух форм витаминно-минерального комплекса Селцинк® на амбулаторно-поликлиническом этапе оказания медицинской помощи позволит повысить эффективность неспецифической профилактики ОРВИ в предэпидемический период, особенно у «часто болеющих ОРВИ взрослых», а также лечения ОРВИ в качестве адъювантной терапии и последующей реабилитации.

acute respiratory viral infectionsinfluenzanew coronavirus infection (COVID-19)nutraceuticalsSelzinc®острые респираторные вирусные инфекциигриппновая коронавирусная инфекция (COVID-19)нутрицевтикиСелцинк®Трухан Д.И., Филимонов С.Н. Дифференциальный диагноз основных пульмонологических симптомов и синдромов. СПб: СпецЛит, 2019. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41392166. Ссылка активна на 15.03.2024 [Trukhan DI, Filimonov SN. Differencialnyi diagnoz osnovnyh pul`monologicheskih simptomov i sindromov. Saint-Petersburg: SpeczLit, 2019. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41392166/ Accessed: 15.03.2024 (in Russian)].Трухан Д.И., Викторова И.А., Иванова Д.С., Голошубина В.В. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции: возможности витаминно-минеральных комплексов в лечении, профилактике и реабилитации. Фарматека. 2023;30(1-2):136-45 [Trukhan DI, Viktorova IA, Ivanova DS, Goloshubina VV. Acute respiratory viral infections: possibilities of vitamin and mineral complexes in treatment, prevention and rehabilitation. Farmateka. 2023;30(1-2):136-45 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/ pharmateca.2023.1-2.136-145Клинические рекомендации. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции (ОРВИ) у взрослых. 2021. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/724_1. Ссылка активна на 15.03.2024 [Clinical recommendations. Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in adults. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/724_1. Accessed: 15.03.2024 (in Russian)].Eccles R. Common cold. Front Allergy. 2023;4:1224988. DOI:10.3389/falgy.2023.1224988Клинические рекомендации. Острая респираторная вирусная инфекция (ОРВИ). 2021. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/25_2. Ссылка активна на 15.03.2024 [Clinical recommendations. Acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI). Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/25_2. Accessed: 15.03.2024 (in Russian)].Трухан Д.И., Тарасова Л.В. Особенности клиники и лечения острых респираторных вирусных инфекций в практике врача-терапевта. Врач. 2014;8:44-7. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21905156. Ссылка активна на 15.03.2024 [Trukhan DI, Tarasova LV. Osobennosti kliniki i lecheniia ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infekcii v praktike vracha-terapevta. Vrach. 2014;8:44-7. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21905156. Accessed: 15.03.2024 (in Russian)].Трухан Д.И., Мазуров А.Л., Речапова Л.А. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции: актуальные вопросы диагностики, профилактики и лечения в практике терапевта. Терапевтический архив. 2016;11:76-82 [Trukhan DI, Mazurov AL, Rechapova LA. Ostrye respiratornye virusnye infekcii: aktualnye voprosy diagnostiki, profilaktiki i lecheniia v praktike terapevta. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2016;11:76-82 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/terarkh2016881176-82Berger MM, Herter-Aeberli I, Zimmermann MB, et al. Strengthening the immunity of the Swiss population with micronutrients: A narrative review and call for action. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;43:39-48. DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.012.Calder PC, Ortega EF, Meydani SN, et al. Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(5):S1-S26. DOI:10.1093/advances/nmac052Eggersdorfer M, Berger MM, Calder PC, et al. Perspective: Role of Micronutrients and Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Immune Outcomes of Relevance to Infections in Older Adults-A Narrative Review and Call for Action. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(5):1415-30. DOI:10.1093/advances/nmac058Martinez SS, Huang Y, Acuna L, et al. Role of Selenium in Viral Infections with a Major Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23(1):280. DOI:10.3390/ijms23010280Barchielli G, Capperucci A, Tanini D. The Role of Selenium in Pathologies: An Updated Review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(2):251. DOI:10.3390/antiox11020251Moghaddam A, Heller RA, Sun Q, et al. Selenium Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2098. DOI:10.3390/nu12072098Bae M, Kim H. Mini-Review on the Roles of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Selenium in the Immune System against COVID-19. Molecules. 2020;25(22):5346. DOI:10.3390/molecules25225346Duntas LH, Benvenga S. Selenium: an element for life. Endocrine. 2015;48(3):756-75. DOI:10.1007/s12020-014-0477-6Beck MA, Nelson HK, Shi Q, et al. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J. 2001;15(8):1481-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387264/Taylor EW, Radding W. Understanding selenium and glutathione as antiviral factors in COVID-19: does the viral Mpro protease target host selenoproteins and glutathione synthesis? Front Nutr. 2020;7:143. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2020.00143Khatiwada S, Subedi A. A mechanistic link between selenium and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Curr Nutr Rep. 2021;10(2):125-36. DOI:10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4Avery JC, Hoffmann PR. Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1203. DOI:10.3390/nu10091203Seale LA, Torres DJ, Berry MJ, Pitts MW. A role for selenium-dependent GPX1 in SARS-CoV-2 virulence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112:447-8. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa177Laforge M, Elbim C, Frère C, Hémadi M, Massaad C, Nuss P, Benoliel JJ, Becker C. Tissue damage from neutrophil-induced oxidative stress in COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(9):515-6. DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0407-1Tomo S, Saikiran G, Banerjee M, Paul S. Selenium to selenoproteins – role in COVID-19. EXCLI J. 2021;20:781-91. DOI:10.17179/excli2021-3530Schomburg L. Selenium Deficiency in COVID-19-A Possible Long-Lasting Toxic Relationship. Nutrients. 2022;14(2):283. DOI:10.3390/nu14020283Schomburg L. Selenoprotein P – Selenium transport protein, enzyme and biomarker of selenium status. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;191:150-63. DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.022Lima LW, Nardi S, Santoro V, Schiavon M. The Relevance of Plant-Derived Se Compounds to Human Health in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Era. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(7):1031. DOI:10.3390/antiox10071031Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, et al. Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:390-3. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018Younesian O, Khodabakhshi B, Abdolahi N, et al. Decreased Serum Selenium Levels of COVID-19 Patients in Comparison with Healthy Individuals. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021:1-6. DOI:10.1007/s12011-021-02797-wRayman MP, Taylor EW, Zhang J. The relevance of selenium to viral disease with special reference to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022:1-12. DOI:10.1017/S0029665122002646Kieliszek M, Lipinski B. Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109878. DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109878Liu X, Yin S, Li G. Effects of selenium supplement on acute lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1997;31(6):358-61.Livingstone C. Zinc: physiology, deficiency, and parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30(3):371-82. DOI:10.1177/0884533615570376Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2 Suppl):447S-63S. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447SOverbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2008;56(1):15-30. DOI:10.1007/s00005-008-0003-8Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1286. DOI:10.3390/nu9121286Jarosz M, Olbert M, Wyszogrodzka G, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-kappaB signaling. Inflammopharmacology. 2017;25(1):11-24. DOI:10.1007/s10787-017-0309-4Kirkil G, Hamdi Muz M, Seçkin D, et al. Antioxidant effect of zinc picolinate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2008;102(6):840-4. DOI:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.010Samad N, Sodunke TE, Abubakar AR, et al. The Implications of Zinc Therapy in Combating the COVID-19 Global Pandemic. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:527-50. DOI:10.2147/JIR.S295377.Li J, Cao D, Huang Y, et al. Zinc Intakes and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Front Nutr. 2022;9:798078. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2022.798078Bao S, Knoell DL. Zinc modulates cytokine-induced lung epithelial cell barrier permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006;291(6):L1132-41. DOI:10.1152/ajplung.00207.2006Vlieg-Boerstra B, de Jong N, Meyer R, et al. Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1373-88. DOI:10.1111/all.15136Kaushik N, Subramani C, Anang S, et al. Zinc salts block hepatitis E virus replication by inhibiting the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Virol. 2017;91(21):e00754-17. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00754-17Corrao S, Mallaci Bocchio R, Lo Monaco M, et al. Does Evidence Exist to Blunt Inflammatory Response by Nutraceutical Supplementation during COVID-19 Pandemic? An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Melatonin, and Zinc. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1261. DOI:10.3390/nu13041261Patel O, Chinni V, El-Khoury J, et al. A pilot double-blind safety and feasibility randomized controlled trial of high-dose intravenous zinc in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):3261-7.Scarpellini E, Balsiger LM, Maurizi V, et al. Zinc and gut microbiota in health and gastrointestinal disease under the COVID-19 suggestion. Biofactors. 2022;48(2):294-306. DOI:10.1002/biof.1829Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, et al. Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID-19 (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2020;46(1):17-26. DOI:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575.Jothimani D, Kailasam E, Danielraj S, et al. COVID-19: Poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:343-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.014Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19. Pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1712. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712Tomasa-Irriguible T-M, Bielsa-Berrocal L, Bordejé-Laguna L, et al. Low levels of few micronutrients may impact COVID-19 disease progression: an observational study on the first wave. Metabolites. 2021;11(9):565. DOI:10.3390/metabo11090565Трухан Д.И. Новая коронавирусная инфекция (COVID-19) и заболевания/патологические состояния органов дыхания. Медицинский совет. 2022;16(18):154-61. [Trukhan DI. New coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and respiratory diseases/pathological conditions. Medical Council. 2022;16(18):154-61 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-18-154-161Rahman MT, Idid SZ. Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment? Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199(2):550-8. DOI:10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9de Almeida Brasiel PG. The key role of zinc in elderly immunity: A possible approach in the COVID-19 crisis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;38:65-6. DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.003Hunter J, Arentz S, Goldenberg J, et al. Zinc for the prevention or treatment of acute viral respiratory tract infections in adults: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2021;11(11):e047474. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047474Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Can iron, zinc, copper and selenium status be a prognostic determinant in COVID-19 patients? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2022;95:103937. DOI:10.1016/j.etap.2022.103937Alexander J, Tinkov A, Strand TA, et al. Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2358. DOI:10.3390/nu12082358Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, et al. Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J Clin Med. 2018;7(9):258. DOI:10.3390/jcm7090258Stephensen CB, Lietz G. Vitamin A in resistance to and recovery from infection: relevance to SARS-CoV2. Br J Nutr. 2021;126(11):1663-72. DOI:10.1017/S0007114521000246Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. The role of the status of selected micronutrients in shaping the immune function. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019;19:1100-15. DOI:10.2174/1871530319666190529101816Tepasse PR, Vollenberg R, Fobker M, et al. Vitamin A Plasma Levels in COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Multicenter Study and Hypothesis. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2173. DOI:10.3390/nu13072173Carvalho MCDC, Araujo JKCP, da Silva AGCL, et al. Retinol Levels and Severity of Patients with COVID-19. Nutrients. 2023;15(21):4642. DOI:10.3390/nu15214642Zhang Y, Du Z, Ma W, et al. Vitamin A status and recurrent respiratory infection among Chinese children: a nationally representative survey. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2020;29:566-76. DOI:10.6133/apjcn.202009_29(3).0016Abdelkader A, Wahba AA, El-Tonsy M, et al. Recurrent respiratory infections and vitamin A levels: a link? It is cross-sectional. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(33):e30108. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000030108Iddir M, Brito A, Dingeo G, et al. Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1562. DOI:10.3390/nu12061562Ebrahimzadeh-Attari V, Panahi G, Hebert JR, et al. Nutritional approach for increasing public health during pandemic of COVID-19: A comprehensive review of antiviral nutrients and nutraceuticals. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(2):119-36. DOI:10.34172/hpp.2021.17Tavakol S, Seifalian AM. Vitamin E at a high dose as an anti-ferroptosis drug and not just a supplement for COVID-19 treatment. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2022;69(3):1058-60. DOI:10.1002/bab.2176Lai YJ, Chang HS, Yang YP, et al. The role of micronutrient and immunomodulation effect in the vaccine era of COVID-19. J Chin Med Assoc. 2021;84(9):821-6. DOI:10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000587Meydani SN, Leka LS, Fine BC, et al. Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:828-36. DOI:10.1001/jama.292.7.828Figueroa-Méndez R, Rivas-Arancibia S. Vitamin C in health and disease: its role in the metabolism of cells and redox state in the brain. Front Physiol. 2015;6:397. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2015.00397Abioye AI, Bromage S, Fawzi W. Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(1):e003176. DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003176Van Straten M, Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a vitamin C supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther. 2002;19:151-9. DOI:10.1007/BF02850271Johnston CS, Barkyoumb GM, Schumacher SS. Vitamin C supplementation slightly improves physical activity levels and reduces cold incidence in men with marginal vitamin C status: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2014;6:2572-83. DOI:10.3390/nu6072572Kim TK, Lim HR, Byun JS. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the odds of developing a common cold in Republic of Korea Army recruits: randomised controlled trial. BMJ Mil Health. 2022;168:117-23. DOI:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2019-001384Swain RA, Kaplan B. Upper respiratory infections: treatment selection for active patients. Phys Sportsmed. 1998;26(2):85-96. DOI:10.3810/psm.1998.02.944Khaw KT, Woodhouse P. Interrelation of vitamin C, infection, haemostatic factors, and cardiovascular disease. BMJ. 1995;310(6994):1559-63. DOI:10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1559Schloss J, Lauche R, Harnett J, et al. Efficacy and safety of vitamin C in the management of acute respiratory infection and disease: A rapid review. Adv Integr Med. 2020;7(4):187-91. DOI:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.008Ran L, Zhao W, Wang J, et al. Extra Dose of Vitamin C Based on a Daily Supplementation Shortens the Common Cold: A Meta-Analysis of 9 Randomized Controlled Trials. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1837634. DOI:10.1155/2018/1837634Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C reduces the severity of common colds: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2468. DOI:10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8Abobaker A, Alzwi A, Alraied AHA. Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep. 2020;72(6):1517-28. DOI:10.1007/s43440-020-00176-1Uddin MS, Millat MS, Baral PK, et al. The protective role of vitamin C in the management of COVID-19: A Review. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2021;96(1):33. DOI:10.1186/s42506-021-00095-wCalder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 20203(1):74-92. DOI:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, et al. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas. 2021;143:1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003Kumar P, Kumar M, Bedi O, et al. Role of vitamins and minerals as immunity boosters in COVID-19. Inflammopharmacology. 2021:1-16. DOI:10.1007/s10787-021-00826-7Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2738. DOI:10.3390/nu12092738Cámara M, Sánchez-Mata MC, Fernández-Ruiz V, et al. A Review of the Role of Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds on Immune System Supporting to Fight against the COVID-19 Disease. Foods. 2021;10(5):1088. DOI:10.3390/foods10051088Dharmalingam K, Birdi A, Tomo S, et al. Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2021:1-11. DOI:10.1007/s12291-021-00961-6Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1181. DOI:10.3390/nu12041181Alkhatib A. Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2633. DOI:10.3390/nu12092633Pecora F, Persico F, Argentiero A, et al. The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3198. DOI:10.3390/nu12103198Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, et al. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):367-82. DOI:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, et al. COVID-19: Is there a role for immunonutrition in obese patient? J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):415. DOI:10.1186/s12967-020-02594-4Zelka FZ, Kocatürk RR, Özcan ÖÖ, Karahan M. Can Nutritional Supports Beneficial in Other Viral Diseases Be Favorable for COVID-19? Korean J Fam Med. 2022;43(1):3-15. DOI:10.4082/kjfm.20.0134Гриневич В.Б., Губонина И.В., Дощицин В.Л., и др. Особенности ведения коморбидных пациентов в период пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Национальный Консенсус 2020. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020;19(4):2630 [Grinevich VB, Gubonina IV, Doshhicin VL, et al. Osobennosti vedeniia komorbidnyh patcientov v period pandemii novoi koronavirusnoi infekcii (COVID-19). Natcionalnyi Konsensus 2020. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiya i profilaktika. 2020;19(4):2630 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2630Трухан Д.И., Давыдов Е.Л. Место и роль терапевта и врача общей практики в курации коморбидных пациентов в период пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19): акцент на неспецифическую профилактику. Фарматека. 2021;10:34-45 [Trukhan DI, Davydov EL. The place and role of a therapist and general practitioner in the management of comorbid patients during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19): an emphasis on non-specific prevention. Farmateka. 2021;28(10):34-45 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/pharmateca.2021.10.34-45Трухан Д.И., Давыдов Е.Л., Чусова Н.А., Чусов И.С. Возможности терапевта в профилактике и на реабилитационном этапе после новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19) коморбидных пациентов с артериальной гипертензией. Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2021;5:6-15 [Trukhan DI, Davydov EL, Chusova NA, Chusov IS. Opportunities of the therapist in prevention and at the rehabilitation stage after new coronaviral infection (COVID-19) in comorbid patients with arterial hypertension. Clinical review for general practice. 2021;5:6-15 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.47407/kr2021.2.5.00064Трухан Д.И., Давыдов Е.Л., Чусова Н.А. Нутрицевтики в профилактике, лечении и на этапе реабилитации после новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2021;7:21-34 [Trukhan DI, Davydov EL, Chusova NA. Nutriceutics in prevention, treatment and at the stage of rehabilitation after new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Clinical review for general practice. 2021;7:21-34 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.47407/kr2021.2.7.00085Трухан Д.И., Турутина Н.М. Витаминно-минеральные комплексы в лечении острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2022;6:52-60 [Trukhan DI, Turutina NM. Vitamin and mineral complexes in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. Clinical review for general practice. 2022;6:52-60 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.47407/kr2022.3.6.00177Попова Е.Н., Пономарева Л.А., Чинова А.А., Андрианов А.И. Комплексный подход к терапии острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2023;4(8):42-5 [Popova EN, Ponomareva LA, Chinova AA, Andrianov AI. Multifaceted approach to treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. Clinical review for general practice. 2023;4(8):42-5 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.47407/kr2023.4.8.00330Попова Е.Н., Митькина М.И., Чинова А.А., Пономарева Л.А. Роль витаминов и микроэлементов в профилактике и лечении бронхолегочных заболеваний у взрослых. Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2023;4(2):36-42 [Popova EN, Mitkina MI, Chinova AA, Ponomareva LA. The role of vitamins and minerals in prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases in adults. Clinical review for general practice. 2023;4(2):36-42 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.47407/kr2023.4.2.00202Трухан Д.И., Рожкова М.Ю., Иванова Д.С., Голошубина В.В. Сезон простуд: возможности витаминно-минеральных комплексов в профилактике и лечении острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Фарматека. 2024;31(1):138-48 [Trukhan DI, Rozhkova MYu, Ivanova DS., Goloshubina VV. Cold season: the potential of vitamin-mineral complexes in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. Farmateka. 2024;31(1):138-48 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/pharmateca.2024.1.138-148Трухан Д.И. Коморбидный пациент на терапевтическом приеме в период пандемии COVID-19. Актуальные аспекты реабилитационного периода. Фарматека. 2022;29(13):15-24 [Trukhan DI. A comorbid patient at a therapeutic reception during the COVID-19 pandemic. current aspects of the rehabilitation period. Farmateka. 2022;29(13):15-24 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/pharmateca.2022.13.15-24Трухан Д.И., Иванова Д.С. Витаминно-минеральные комплексы в профилактике, лечении и на этапе реабилитации после острых респираторных вирусных инфекций и новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2022;5:33-46 [Trukhan DI, Ivanova DS. Vitamin and mineral complexes in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation after acute respiratory viral infections and new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Clinical review for general practice. 2022;5:33-46 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.47407/kr2022.3.5.00160Симаненков В.И., Маев И.В., Ткачева О.Н. и др. Синдром повышенной эпителиальной проницаемости в клинической практике. Мультидисциплинарный национальный консенсус. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2021;20(1):2758. [Simanenkov VI, Maev IV, Tkacheva ON, et al. Syndrome of increased epithelial permeability in clinical practice. Multidisciplinary National Consensus. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika. 2021;20(1):2758 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2758Majewski S, Piotrowski W. Pulmonary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(6):1179-88. DOI:10.5114/aoms.2015.56343.Keely S, Talley NJ, Hansbro PM. Pulmonary-intestinal cross-talk in mucosal inflammatory disease. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5:7-18. DOI:10.1038/mi.2011.55.Трухан Д.И., Иванова Д.С. Роль и место синдрома повышенной эпителиальной проницаемости в развитии сердечно-сосудистых и бронхолегочных заболеваний: теоретические и практические аспекты применения ребамипида. Фарматека. 2021;28(5):115-26. [Trukhan DI, Ivanova DS. Role and location of increased epithelial permeability syndrome in the development of cardiovascular and bronchopulum diseases: theoretical and practical aspects of application of rebamipide. Farmateka. 021;28(5):115-26 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/ pharmateca.2021.5.115-126