<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">680113</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2025.6.203306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of structural skin proteins in the development of atopic dermatitis: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль структурных белков кожи в развитии атопического дерматита</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5537-5729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kandrashkina</surname><given-names>Julia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кандрашкина</surname><given-names>Юлия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. акушерства и гинекологии </p></bio><email>novikova10l@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-2018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Studies </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доц., зав. каф. аллергологии и иммунологии с курсом дерматовенерологии и косметологии, Пензенский институт усовершенствования врачей </p></bio><email>novikova10l@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Penza State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пензенский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Dermatology and allergology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Дерматология и аллергология</issue-title><fpage>361</fpage><lpage>365</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-29"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/680113">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/680113</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Atopic dermatitis (AtD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that significantly reduces the quality of life. The underlying factors in the pathogenesis of AtD are dysfunction of the epidermal barrier and impaired immune regulation. Keratinocytes perform a barrier function at the physical and chemical levels. During the formation of the stratum corneum, protein components are sequentially produced. Proteins such as filaggrin, filaggrin 2, involucrin, and loricrin are critical for the functioning of the epidermal barrier. In addition to dysfunction of the epidermal barrier, AtD is characterized by the development of a skin inflammatory process caused by T-helpers (Th) type 2. Th-2-derived cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, 13 and 31, play a significant role in the development and progression of AtD. The environment formed by Th-2 and Th-22-derived cytokines in AtD interferes with coordinated epidermal differentiation and maturation of keratinocytes, aggravating the production of structural skin proteins, thereby worsening the dysfunction of the skin barrier. Dysfunction of the skin barrier plays an important role in the development of AtD. In AtD, the expression of structural skin proteins such as filaggrin, involucrin, and loricrin decreases. To date, the mechanisms by which the production of structural skin proteins is regulated have not been fully studied, which opens up opportunities for additional research. In-depth study of this problem holds promise for the development of new strategies in the treatment of AtD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Атопический дерматит (АтД) – хроническое воспалительное заболевание кожи, существенно снижающее качество жизни. В патогенезе АтД основополагающими факторами являются дисфункция эпидермального барьера и нарушение иммунной регуляции. Кератиноциты выполняют барьерную функцию на физическом и химическом уровне. В процессе формирования рогового слоя происходит последовательная выработка белковых компонентов. Такие белки, как филаггрин, филаггрин 2, инволюкрин и лорикрин, имеют решающее значение для функционирования эпидермального барьера. Помимо дисфункции эпидермального барьера АтД характеризуется развитием кожного воспалительного процесса, вызванного Т-хелперами (Тh) 2-го типа. Цитокины, полученные из Тh-2, такие как интерлейкин (ИЛ)-4, 13 и 31, играют значимую роль в развитии и прогрессировании АтД. Среда, образованная цитокинами, продуцированными Th-2 и 22, при АтД мешает скоординированной эпидермальной дифференцировке и созреванию кератиноцитов, усугубляя продукцию структурных белков кожи, ухудшая при этом дисфункцию кожного барьера. Дисфункция кожного барьера играет важную роль в развитии АтД. При АтД снижается экспрессия структурных белков кожи, таких как филаггрин, инволюкрин, лорикрин. В настоящее время механизмы, посредством которых регулируется продукция структурных белков кожи, до конца не изучены, что открывает возможности для дополнительных исследований. Углубленное изучение данной проблемы несет перспективу для разработки новых стратегий в лечении АтД.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atopic dermatitis</kwd><kwd>filaggrin</kwd><kwd>involucrin</kwd><kwd>loricrin</kwd><kwd>interleukin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атопический дерматит</kwd><kwd>филаггрин</kwd><kwd>инволюкрин</kwd><kwd>лорикрин</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kim HJ, Park M, Jang S, et al. Pulsatilla koreana Nakai Extract Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis-like Symptoms by Regulating Skin Barrier Factors and Inhibiting the JAK/STAT Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(7):2994. DOI:10.3390/ijms26072994</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ong PY. Atopic dermatitis: Is innate or adaptive immunity in control? A clinical perspective. Front Immunol. 2022;13:943640. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2022.943640</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Wollenberg A, Barbarot S, Bieber T, et al. Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part I. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(5):657-82. DOI:10.1111/jdv.14891</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Schoch JJ, Anderson KR, Jones AE, et al. Atopic Dermatitis: Update on Skin-Directed Management: Clinical Report. Pediatrics. 2025;e2025071812. DOI:10.1542/peds.2025-071812</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Marks R. The stratum corneum barrier: the final frontier. J Nutr. 2004;134(8):2017S-21. DOI:10.1093/jn/134.8.2017S</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Wong R, Geyer S, Weninger W, et al. The dynamic anatomy and patterning of skin. Exp Dermatol. 2016; 25:92-8. DOI:10.1111/exd.12832</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Jensen JM, Proksch E. The skin's barrier. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009;144:689-700.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Szondi DC, Crompton RA, Oon L, et al. A role for arginase in skin epithelial differentiation and antimicrobial peptide production. British Journal of Dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2025; 00:1-11. DOI:10.1093/bjd/ljaf057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Мурашкин Н.Н., Савелова А.А., Иванов Р.А., и др. Современные представления о роли эпидермального барьера в развитии атопического фенотипа у детей. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2019;18(5):386-92 [Murashkin NN, Savelova AA, Ivanov RA et al. Modern concepts of the role of the epidermal barrier in the development of the atopic phenotype in children. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii. 2019;18(5):386-92 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15690/vsp.v18i5.2064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao LP, Di Z, Zhang L, et al. Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in Northeast China. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(5):572-5DOI:10.1111/j.1468- 3083.2011.04120.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Furue M. Regulation of Filaggrin, Loricrin, and Involucrin by IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, AHR, and NRF2: Pathogenic Implications in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(15):5382. DOI:10.3390/ijms21155382</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Jang SI, Steinert PM. Loricrin expression in cultured human keratinocytes is controlled by a complex interplay between transcription factors of the Sp1, CREB, AP1, and AP2 families. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(44):42268-79. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M205593200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Бейлин А.К., Риппа А.Л., Шаробаро В.И., и др. Реконструированный эпидермис человека in vitro – модель для фундаментальных и прикладных исследований кожи человека. Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 2020;96(2):24-34 [Beilin AK, Rippa AL, Sharobaro VI, et al. The Reconstructed Human Epidermis in vitro – a Model for Basic and Applied Research of Human Skin. Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii. 2020;96(2):24-34 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.25208/vdv1107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the skin: Physiology and pathophysiology. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012;13(1):3-19. DOI:10.1007/s11154-011-9194-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Abhishek S, Palamadai Krishnan S. Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets. Cell J. 2016;18(1):1-6. DOI:10.22074/cellj.2016.3980</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Cho YH, Kim JW, Kim N, et al. Lactobacillus brevis-Derived Exosomes Enhance Skin Barrier Integrity by Upregulating Key Barrier-Related Proteins. Clin Cosmet Ivestig Dermatol. 2025;18:1151-62. DOI:10.2147/CCID.S512793</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Ferrara F, Yan X, Pecorelli A, et al. Combined exposure to UV and PM affect skin oxinflammatory responses and it is prevented by antioxidant mix topical application: Evidences from clinical study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23(8):2644-56. DOI:10.1111/jocd.16321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Drislane C, Irvine AD. The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124(1):36-43. DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2019.10.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Stefanovic N, Irvine AD. Filaggrin and beyond: New insights into the skin barrier in atopic dermatitis and allergic diseases, from genetics to therapeutic perspectives. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2024;132(2):187-95. DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2023.09.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kalankariyan S, Thottapillil A, Saxena A, et al. An in silico approach deciphering the commensal dynamics in the cutaneous milieu. NPJ Syst Biol Applications. 2025;11(1):42. DOI:10.1038/s41540-025-00524-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Barthe M, Clerbaux LA, Thénot JP, et al. Systematic characterization of the barrier function of diverse ex vivo models of damaged human skin. Front Med. 2024;11:1481645. DOI:10.3389/fmed.2024.1481645</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Seguchi T, Cui CY, Kusuda S, et al. Decreased expression of filaggrin in atopic skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288:442-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Bak SG, Lim HJ, Won YS, et al. Regulatory effects of Ishige okamurae extract and Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol on skin barrier function. Heliyon. 2024;10(23):e40227. DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40227</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Тамразова О.Б., Глухова Е.А. Уникальная молекула филаггрин в структуре эпидермиса и ее роль в развитии ксероза и патогенеза атопического дерматита. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2021;20(6):102-10 [Tamrazova OB, Glukhova EA. Unique molecule filaggrin in epidermal structure and its role in the xerosis development and atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology. 2021;20(6):102-10 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/klinderma202120061102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kobiela A, Hovhannisyan L, Jurkowska P, et al. Excess filaggrin in keratinocytes is removed by extracellular vesicles to prevent premature death and this mechanism can be hijacked by Staphylococcus aureus in a TLR2–dependent fashion. J Extracell Vesicles. 2023;12(6):e12335. DOI:10.1002/jev2.12335.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Shamilov R, Robinson VL, Aneskievich BJ. Seeing Keratinocyte Proteins through the Looking Glass of Intrinsic Disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):7912. DOI:10.3390/ijms22157912</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Круглова Л.С., Переверзина Н.О. Филаггрин: от истории открытия до применения модуляторов филаггрина в клинической практике (обзор литературы). Медицинский алфавит. 2021;27:8-12 [Kruglova LS, Pereverzina NO. Filaggrin: from history of discovery to clinical usage (literature review). Medical alphabet. 2021;27:8-12 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.33667/2078-5631-2021-27-8-12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Watabe A, Sugawara T, Kikuchi K, et al. Sweat constitutes several natural moisturizing factors, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;72(2):177-82. DOI:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Presland RB, Fleckman P, Haydock PV, et al. Characterization of the human epidermal profilaggrin gene: Genomic organization and identification of an S-100- like calcium binding domain at the amino terminus. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(33):23772-81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Seykora J, Dentchev T, Margolis DJ. Filaggrin-2 barrier protein inversely varies with skin inflammation. Experimental dermatology. 2015;24(9):720-2. DOI:10.1111/exd.12749</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Donovan M, Salamito M, Thomas-Collignon A, et al. Filaggrin and filaggrin 2 processing are linked together through skin aspartic acid protease activation. PloS One. 2020;15(5):e0232679. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0232679</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Wu Z, Hansmann B, Meyer-Hoffert U, et al. Molecular identification and expression analysis of filaggrin-2, a member of the S100 fused-type protein family. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5227. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0005227</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Pendaries V, Le Lamer M, Cau L, et al. In a three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis filaggrin-2 is essential for proper cornification. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:e1656. DOI:10.1038/cddis.2015.29</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Mohamad J, Sarig O, Godsel LM, et al. Filaggrin 2 deficiency results in abnormal cell-cell adhesion in the cornified cell layers and causes peeling skin syndrome Type A. J Investig Dermatol. 2018;138:1736-43. DOI:10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Левашева С.В., Эткина Э.И., Гурьева Л.Л., и др. Мутации гена филаггрина как фактор нарушения регуляции эпидермального барьера у детей. Лечащий врач. 2016;(1):24-2-6 [Levasheva SV, Etkina EI, Gur’eva LL, et al. Filaggrin gene mutations as a factor in dysregulation of the epidermal barrier in children. Attending Physician. 2016;(1):24-6 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Makowska K, Nowaczyk J, Blicharz L, et al. Immunopathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis: Focus on Interleukins as Disease Drivers and Therapeutic Targets for Novel Treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(1):781. DOI:10.3390/ijms24010781</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Rasheed Z, Zedan K, Saif GB, et al. Markers of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in pediatric patients: correlation with filaggrin, eosinophil major basic protein and immunoglobulin E. Clin Mol Allergy. 2018;16:23. DOI:10.1186/s12948-018-0102-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Кандрашкина Ю.А., Орлова Е.А., Левашова О.А., Костина Е.М. Филаггрин как биомаркер обострения атопического дерматита при беременности. Фарматека. 2024;31(1):183-7 [Kandrashkina YuA, Orlova EA, Levashova OA, Kostina EM. Filaggrin as a biomarker of exacerbation of atopic dermatitis during pregnancy. Pharmateca. 2024;31(1):183-7 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/pharmateca.2024.1.183-187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Bao L, Alexander JB, Zhang H, et al. Interleukin-4 Downregulation of Involucrin Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Involves Stat6 Sequestration of the Coactivator CREB-Binding Protein. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2016;36(6):374-81. DOI:10.1089/jir.2015.0056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Eckert RL, Yaffe MB, Crish JF, et al. Involucrin – structure and role in envelope assembly. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100(5):613-7. DOI:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12472288</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Русанов А.Л., Кожин П.М., Ромашин Д.Д., и др. Влияние модуляции активности р53 на взаимодействие членов семейства р53 в процессе дифференцировки кератиноцитов линии НаСаТ. Вестник РГМУ. 2020;(6):60-7 [Rusanov AL, Kozhin PM, Romashin DD, et al. The effect of p53 activity modulation on the interaction of p53 family members during differentiation of HaCaT keratinocytes. Vestnik RGMU. 2020;(6):60-7 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.24075/vrgmu.2020.082</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Rawlings AV, Matts PJ. Stratum corneum moisturization at the molecular level: an update in relation to the dry skin cycle. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:1099-110.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Тамразова О.Б. Ксероз кожи: симптом, синдром или болезнь? Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2019;18(2):193-202 [Tamrazova OB. Skin xerosis: symptom, syndrome or disease? Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology. 2019;18(2):193-202 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/klinderma201918021193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Ishida-Yamamoto A. Loricrin keratoderma: a novel disease entity characterized by nuclear accumulation of mutant loricrin. J Dermatolog Sci. 2003;31(1):3-8. DOI:10.1016/S0923-1811(02)00143-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Ishitsuka Y, Roop DR. Loricrin at the Boundary between Inside and Outside. Biomolecules. 2022;12(5):673. DOI:10.3390/biom12050673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Moreno AS, McPhee R, Arruda LK, Howell MD. Targeting the T Helper 2 Inflammatory Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016;171(2):71-80. DOI:10.1159/000451083</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Furue M. T helper type 2 signatures in atopic dermatitis. J Cutan Immunol Allergy. 2018;1:93-9. DOI:10.1002/cia2.12023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Makino T, Mizawa M, Takemoto K, et al. Effect of tumour necrotic factor-α, interleukin-17 and interleukin-22 on the expression of filaggerin-2 and hornerin: Analysis of a three-dimensional psoriatic skin model. Skin Health Dis. 2024;4(6):e440. DOI:10.1002/ski2.440</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Combarros D, Brahmi R, Musaefendic E, et al. Reconstructed Epidermis Produced with Atopic Dog Keratinocytes Only Exhibit Skin Barrier Defects after the Addition of Proinflammatory and Allergic Cytokines. JID Innovations. 2024;5(2):100330. DOI:10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100330</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Sharafian Z, Littlejohn PT, Michalski C, et al. Crosstalk with infant-derived Th17 cells, as well as exposure to IL-22 promotes maturation of intestinal epithelial cells in an enteroid model. Frontiers Immunol. 2025;16:1582688. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1582688</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Boniface K, Bernard FX, Garcia M, et al. IL-22 inhibits epidermal differentiation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes. J Immunol. 2005;174:3695-702. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3695</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Muromoto R, Hirao T, Tawa K, et al. IL-17A plays a central role in the expression of psoriasis signature genes through the induction of IκB-ζ in keratinocytes. Int Immunol. 2016;28(9):443-52. DOI:10.1093/intimm/dxw011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Lai X, Li X, Chang L, et al. IL-19 up-regulates mucin 5AC production in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis via STAT3 pathway. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1682. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01682</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Keller KE, Yang YF, Sun YY, et al. Analysis of interleukin-20 receptor complexes in trabecular meshwork cells and effects of cytokine signaling in anterior segment perfusion culture. Mol Vision. 2019;25:266-82.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Dai X, Shiraishi K, Muto J, et al. Nuclear IL-33 Plays an Important Role in IL-31 – Mediated Downregulation of FLG, Keratin 1, and Keratin 10 by Regulating Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Activation in Human Keratinocytes. J Investig Dermatol. 2022;142(1):136-44.e3. DOI:10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Rizzo JM, Oyelakin A, Min S, et al. ΔNp63 regulates IL-33 and IL-31 signaling in atopic dermatitis. Cell Death Differentiation. 2016;23(6):1073-85. DOI:10.1038/cdd.2015.162</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Toskas A, Milias S, Papamitsou T, et al. The role of IL-19, IL-24, IL-21 and IL-33 in intestinal mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease: A narrative review. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2025;26(1):9-17. DOI:10.1016/j.ajg.2024.01.002</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
