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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">685549</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2026.6.203664</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunological and microbiological aspects of atopic dermatitis. A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммунологические и микробиологические аспекты атопического дерматита</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5537-5729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kandrashlina</surname><given-names>Julia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кандрашкина</surname><given-names>Юлия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. акушерства и гинекологии</p></bio><email>novikova10l@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-2018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доц., зав. каф. аллергологии и иммунологии с курсом дерматовенерологии и косметологии</p></bio><email>novikova10l@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2452-747X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulieva</surname><given-names>Oksana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулиева</surname><given-names>Оксана Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Teaching Assist.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент каф. медицинской микробиологии и лабораторной медицины</p></bio><email>novikova10l@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Penza State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пензенский государственный университет» Минобрнауки России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Penza Institute for Further Training of Physicians – Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пензенский институт усовершенствования врачей – филиал ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">DERMATOLOGY: POSTOPERATIVE SKIN SCARRING AND ALLERGOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ДЕРМАТОЛОГИЯ: ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННЫЕ РУБЦОВЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОЖИ И АЛЛЕРГОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>410</fpage><lpage>414</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-22"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-15"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/685549">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/685549</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Atopic dermatitis (AtD) is a common chronic skin disease. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades, reaching 20% in children and 10% in adults. AtD can occur at any age, although 45% of all cases begin within first six months of life, with 80–90% presenting with their first symptoms by age five. AtD is characterized by a variable clinical presentation depending on age, disease severity, and ethnicity. Even milder forms have a negative impact on quality of life. The pathogenesis of AtD is complex and multifaceted, involving the interaction of several key mechanisms, including disruption of the epidermal barrier structure and immune response, altered skin microflora balance, genetic predisposition, and exposure to adverse environmental factors. AtD is characterized by overexpression of type 2 inflammatory cytokines, which suppress the expression of protective skin proteins, exacerbating barrier dysfunction. In addition to structural and immunological defects of the epidermal barrier, the skin microbiome plays a significant role in the development of AtD and its complications. In AtD, skin microbiome diversity is significantly reduced, with a predominance of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. In addition to bacterial flora, AtD is characterized by an increased diversity of fungal flora. Not only the skin microbiome but also the gut microbiome plays a significant role in the development of AtD. Numerous factors influence the composition of the gut microbiota in newborns and children. Many of these factors are closely linked to the development of allergic diseases. In recent years, studies have been conducted on the use of pre- and probiotics as preventative measures and as part of combination therapy for AtD, but the results are quite contradictory. A number of pre- and probiotics can exert an immunomodulatory effect, thereby reducing the severity of AtD and prolonging the period of remission. An in-depth study of the interaction between the microbiological and immunological components of AtD pathogenesis seems promising for the development of new algorithms for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Атопический дерматит (АтД) представляет собой широко распространенное хроническое заболевание кожи. В последние несколько десятилетий распространенность АтД растет, достигая 20% у детей и 10% у взрослых. АтД может возникнуть в любом возрасте, хотя 45% всех случаев начинаются в течение первых 6 мес жизни, при этом у 80–90% первые симптомы проявляются к 5 годам. АтД характеризуется вариабельной клинической картиной в зависимости от возраста, тяжести заболевания и этнической принадлежности. Даже более легкие формы оказывают негативное влияние на качество жизни. Патогенез АтД сложен и многогранен и включает в себя взаимодействие нескольких ключевых механизмов, таких как нарушение структуры и иммунного ответа эпидермального барьера, изменение баланса микрофлоры кожи, наследственная предрасположенность и воздействие неблагоприятных факторов окружающей среды. При АтД отмечается сверхэкспрессия воспалительных цитокинов 2-го типа, которые угнетают экспрессию защитных белков кожи, усугубляя дисфункцию эпидермального барьера. Помимо структурных и иммунологических дефектов эпидермального барьера, для развития АтД и его осложнений важен микробиом кожи. При АтД значительно снижено разнообразие микробиома кожи и отмечено преобладание золотистого стафилококка (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>). Помимо бактериальной флоры, при АтД отмечается увеличение разнообразия грибковой флоры. Не только микробиом кожи, но и микробиом кишечника играет важную роль в развитии АтД. Существует большое количество факторов, оказывающих влияние на состав кишечной микробиоты у новорожденных и детей. Многие из этих факторов тесно связаны с развитием аллергических заболеваний. В последние годы проводятся исследования по применению пре- и пробиотиков в качестве профилактических мер и в составе комплексной терапии АтД, однако результаты достаточно противоречивы. Ряд пре- и пробиотиков способны оказывать иммуномодулирующий эффект, снижая при этом тяжесть течения АтД, а также увеличивая период ремиссии. Углубленное изучение взаимодействия микробиологической и иммунологической составляющей патогенеза АтД перспективно для разработки новых алгоритмов диагностики, лечения и профилактики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atopic dermatitis</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal microbiome</kwd><kwd>skin microbiome</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>prebiotics</kwd><kwd>filaggrin</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атопический дерматит</kwd><kwd>микробиом желудочно-кишечного тракта</kwd><kwd>микробиом кожи</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>пребиотики</kwd><kwd>филаггрин</kwd><kwd>золотистый стафилококк</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fanfaret IS, Boda D, Ion LM, et al. Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: Pros and cons (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(6):1376. 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