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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692796</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2026.5.203517</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Gut microbiota modulation for enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of chemotherapy in pediatric acute leukemias: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Модуляция микробиоты кишечника как потенциал для повышения эффективности и снижения токсичности химиотерапии у детей с острыми лейкозами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4491-9495</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2792-6429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murtazin</surname><given-names>Azat A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муртазин</surname><given-names>Азат Айратович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор каф. анестезиологии-реаниматологии</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>beep.boy.official@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-7515</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8701-3486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Islamgulov</surname><given-names>Almaz Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исламгулов</surname><given-names>Алмаз Ханифович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор каф. госпитальной педиатрии</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>beep.boy.official@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-7442</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4429-2910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malievsky</surname><given-names>Viktor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малиевский</surname><given-names>Виктор Артурович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>beep.boy.official@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Gastroenterology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Гастроэнтерология</issue-title><fpage>366</fpage><lpage>373</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-11"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-28"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/692796">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/692796</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Acute leukemias (AL) represent the most prevalent oncological pathology in the pediatric population. Despite the progress achieved in treatment, primarily through chemotherapy (CT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the management of this disease is associated with various complications, such as mucositis, febrile neutropenia, systemic infections, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in modulating both the efficacy of CT and the development of its toxicity. CT-induced dysbiosis is associated with worsened treatment outcomes, underscoring the relevance of exploring strategies for its correction.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To systematize current data on the role of GM in the pathogenesis of complications and the efficacy of AL therapy in children, and to analyze promising strategies for its targeted modulation aimed at improving treatment outcomes.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search for publications was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY databases for the period from 2014 to 2025. Out of 5628 identified publications, after excluding duplicates and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 63 relevant sources were included in the analysis.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> It was demonstrated that CT-induced dysbiosis leads to reduced alpha-diversity, characterized by a decreased abundance of commensal genera (e.g., <italic>Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiraceae</italic>) and dominance of opportunistic pathogens (e.g., <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>). These alterations contribute to the development of severe mucositis, febrile neutropenia, systemic infections, and GVHD. The GM also influences the metabolism of cytostatic drugs (e.g., gemcitabine inactivation), intestinal barrier integrity (via the production of short-chain fatty acids), and the systemic immune response. Promising methods for dysbiosis correction include fecal microbiota transplantation, which has shown efficacy in steroid-refractory acute GVHD, as well as the use of probiotics, prebiotics, personalized high-fiber diets, synthetic microbial consortia, and live biotherapeutic products.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The integration of GM modulation strategies into standard AL treatment protocols for children represents a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of CT. However, further randomized controlled trials are required to validate and standardize these strategies, focusing on the assessment of their long-term safety and efficacy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Острые лейкозы (ОЛ) – наиболее распространенная онкологическая патология в детской популяции. Несмотря на достигнутый прогресс в лечении, связанный с химиотерапией (ХТ) и методом трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток, лечение этого заболевания сопровождается различными осложнениями, такими как мукозиты, фебрильная нейтропения, системные инфекции и реакция «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ). Кишечная микробиота (КМ) играет важную роль в модуляции эффективности ХТ и развитии ее токсичности. Индуцированный на фоне ХТ дисбиоз ассоциирован с ухудшением исходов лечения, что делает актуальным поиск стратегий его коррекции.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Систематизировать современные данные о роли КМ в патогенезе осложнений и эффективности терапии ОЛ у детей, а также проанализировать перспективные стратегии ее целенаправленной модуляции, нацеленные на улучшение результатов лечения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведен систематический обзор литературы в соответствии с рекомендациями PRISMA. Поиск публикаций осуществлялся в базах данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar и eLIBRARY за 2014–2025 гг. Из 5628 найденных публикаций после исключения дубликатов и применения критериев включения/исключения в анализ вошло 63 релевантных источника.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Продемонстрировано, что ХТ-индуцированный дисбиоз приводит к снижению α-разнообразия, характеризующегося уменьшением численности комменсальных родов <italic>(Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiraceae)</italic> и доминированием условно-патогенных бактерий <italic>(Enterobacteriaceae)</italic>. Эти изменения ведут к развитию тяжелого мукозита, фебрильной нейтропении, системных инфекций и РТПХ. КМ также влияет на метаболизм цитостатиков (например, инактивация гемцитабина), целостность кишечного барьера (через продукцию короткоцепочечных жирных кислот) и системный иммунный ответ. Среди перспективных методов коррекции дисбиоза выделяются такие как трансплантация фекальной микробиоты, демонстрирующая эффективность при стероидорезистентной РТПХ, применение пробиотиков, пребиотиков, а также персонализированные диеты с высоким содержанием клетчатки, синтетические микробные консорциумы и живые биологические средства.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Интеграция стратегий модуляции КМ в стандартные протоколы лечения ОЛ у детей представляет собой перспективное направление, позволяющее повысить эффективность ХТ. Однако для валидации и стандартизации этой стратегии необходимы дальнейшие рандомизированные контролируемые исследования, направленные на оценку их долгосрочной безопасности и эффективности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oncology</kwd><kwd>leukemias</kwd><kwd>pediatric chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>chemotherapy toxicity</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>dysbiosis</kwd><kwd>short-chain fatty acids</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>fecal microbiota transplantation</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>онкология</kwd><kwd>лейкозы</kwd><kwd>химиотерапия у детей</kwd><kwd>токсичность химотерапии</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>дисбиоз</kwd><kwd>короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>трансплантация фекальной микробиоты</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Улумбекова Г.Э., Петрачков И.В. 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