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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702229</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2026.2.203594</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neuromodulation for muscle dystonia management: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методы нейромодуляции в лечении мышечных дистоний</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-2355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bordovsky</surname><given-names>Sergey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бордовский</surname><given-names>Сергей Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант каф. нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>sbordoche@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7379-1485</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varfolomeeva</surname><given-names>Arina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варфоломеева</surname><given-names>Арина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>sbordoche@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0682-4886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhina</surname><given-names>Anastasiia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Антоновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>sbordoche@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7816-2300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meinova</surname><given-names>Taisiya O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меинова</surname><given-names>Таисия Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>sbordoche@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3165-2006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ervandyan</surname><given-names>Arakel S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ервандян</surname><given-names>Аракел Степанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>sbordoche@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-5108</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevtsova</surname><given-names>Kseniya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевцова</surname><given-names>Ксения Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ассистент каф. нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>sbordoche@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Neurology and rheumatology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Неврология и ревматология</issue-title><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-05"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/702229">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/702229</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Muscle dystonia represents a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by pathological muscle contractions, the formation of abnormal postures, and a pronounced reduction in patients’ quality of life. Standard treatment approaches include botulinum toxin therapy and surgical interventions; however, in a subset of patients, therapeutic effects remain insufficient or unstable. Consequently, recent years have seen growing interest in non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, which are considered potential adjunctive therapeutic tools. This review summarizes and critically analyses data from contemporary clinical studies, pilot trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses addressing the use of neuromodulation in various forms of muscle dystonia, including focal dystonia and cervical dystonia. Particular attention is paid to stimulation parameters, target regions, and current polarity, including anodal stimulation and cathodal stimulation. Analysis of the available evidence indicates that transcranial magnetic stimulation demonstrates a moderate therapeutic potential in certain forms of dystonia; however, reported outcomes remain heterogeneous. At the same time, most studies investigating transcranial direct current stimulation fail to demonstrate statistically or clinically significant improvement in motor symptoms in focal dystonias, including writer’s cramp and blepharospasm, a finding consistently supported by systematic reviews and meta-analyses. However, the most encouraging results have been observed in cervical dystonia, particularly in studies employing bilateral anodal cerebellar stimulation in combination with motor training. Despite isolated positive findings, the current evidence base does not support the recommendation of transcranial direct current stimulation as a standard treatment for muscle dystonia. Thus, future perspectives of neuromodulation are associated with optimization of stimulation protocols, personalization of therapeutic approaches, and integration of these methods into comprehensive rehabilitation programs aimed at improving functional outcomes and long-term symptom control in patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Мышечная дистония представляет собой группу хронических неврологических расстройств, характеризующихся патологическими мышечными сокращениями, формированием аномальных поз и выраженным снижением качества жизни пациентов. Стандартные подходы к лечению включают ботулинотерапию и хирургические методы, однако у части больных эффект терапии остается недостаточным или нестабильным. В связи с этим в последние годы возрастает интерес к неинвазивным методам нейромодуляции, таким как транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция и транскраниальная стимуляция постоянным током (ТСПТ), рассматриваемым в качестве потенциальных вспомогательных терапевтических инструментов. В статье обобщены и критически проанализированы данные современных клинических исследований, включая пилотные работы, систематические обзоры и метаанализы, посвященные применению нейромодуляции при различных формах мышечной дистонии, в частности при фокальной и цервикальной дистонии. Особое внимание уделено параметрам стимуляции, выбору зон воздействия и полярности тока, включая анодную и катодную стимуляцию. Обзорный анализ опубликованных данных показал, что транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция демонстрирует умеренный терапевтический потенциал при отдельных формах дистонии, однако полученные результаты остаются неоднородными. В то же время в большинстве исследований, посвященных ТСПТ, не выявлено статистически и клинически значимого улучшения моторных симптомов при фокальных дистониях, включая писчий спазм и блефароспазм, что подтверждают результаты систематических обзоров и метаанализов. Вместе с тем наиболее обнадеживающие результаты получены при цервикальной дистонии, особенно в исследованиях с применением билатеральной анодной стимуляции мозжечка в сочетании с двигательным тренингом. Несмотря на отдельные положительные данные, существующая доказательная база не позволяет рекомендовать ТСПТ в качестве стандартного метода лечения мышечной дистонии. Таким образом, перспективы нейромодуляции связаны с оптимизацией протоколов стимуляции, персонализацией подходов и интеграцией метода в комплексные реабилитационные программы, направленные на улучшение функциональных исходов и долгосрочного контроля симптомов у пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transcranial magnetic stimulation</kwd><kwd>transcranial direct current stimulation</kwd><kwd>muscle dystonia</kwd><kwd>cervical dystonia</kwd><kwd>focal dystonia</kwd><kwd>neuromodulation</kwd><kwd>anodal stimulation</kwd><kwd>cathodal stimulation</kwd><kwd>writer’s cramp</kwd><kwd>blepharospasm</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>транскраниальная стимуляция постоянным током</kwd><kwd>мышечная дистония</kwd><kwd>цервикальная дистония</kwd><kwd>фокальная дистония</kwd><kwd>нейромодуляция</kwd><kwd>анодная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>катодная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>писчий спазм</kwd><kwd>блефароспазм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. 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