<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2026.5.203694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pathogenetic aspects of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: hyperammonemia and correction options. A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Патогенетические аспекты метаболически-ассоциированной жировой болезни печени: гипераммониемия и возможности коррекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-9643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sbikina</surname><given-names>Evgeniia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сбикина</surname><given-names>Евгения Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. гепатологии</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>e.sbikina@mknc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0344-8375</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinnitskaya</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винницкая</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, гл. науч. сотр.</p></bio><email>e.sbikina@mknc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4040</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaimenova</surname><given-names>Tatiana Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайменова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. отд-нием хронических заболеваний печени</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>e.sbikina@mknc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научный центр им. А.С. Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Gastroenterology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Гастроэнтерология</issue-title><fpage>358</fpage><lpage>365</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/706850">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/706850</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review presents the current concept of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) as a systemic disorder, which has replaced the traditional non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model. The prevalence of MASLD reaches 30–40% of the adult population worldwide, and 70–80% in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to projections, by 2030 this disease will become the leading indication for liver transplantation. In the Russian Federation, the prevalence of MASLD is 37.3%, with an increase observed not only in the elderly but also in the young population, creating long-term healthcare system risks. Understanding of the pathogenesis has evolved from the linear “two-hit” model to the concept of multiple parallel-acting factors: adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, lipotoxicity (accumulation of ceramides and diacylglycerols), impaired autophagy, and disturbances in nitrogen metabolism. Particular attention is paid to hyperammonemia, which develops due to epigenetic hypermethylation and p53-mediated suppression of urea cycle enzymes. Ammonia acts as an active pathogenic factor, stimulating the activation of hepatic stellate cells, fibrogenesis, and minimal hepatic encephalopathy already at the pre-cirrhotic stage. A pathogenetically justified correction strategy is the use of L-ornithine-L-aspartate. The drug reduces ammonia levels, restores mitochondrial membrane potential, decreases oxidative stress, improves hepatic microcirculation, and normalizes lipid metabolism. A 2026 systematic review (19 studies, 1671 patients) confirmed the efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in reducing steatosis, inflammation, and liver fibrosis, as well as in normalizing transaminases and decreasing liver stiffness measured by elastography. For early metabolic support, the combined nutraceutical Hepatostrong® Amino (containing L-ornithine, arginine, methionine, and choline) has been proposed. Its components target three key pathways: ammonia detoxification, lipid metabolism (lipotropic effect), and hepatocyte functional status. The presented data open new perspectives for personalized therapy of MASLD by correcting hyperammonemia as an important driver of disease progression, especially at early stages before cirrhosis develops.</p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре представлена современная концепция метаболически-ассоциированной жировой болезни печени (МАЖБП) как системного заболевания, пришедшего на смену традиционной модели неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Распространенность МАЖБП достигает 30–40% среди взрослого населения мира, а при ожирении и сахарном диабете 2-го типа – 70–80%. Согласно прогнозам к 2030 г. эта патология выйдет на 1-е место среди причин трансплантации печени. В России распространенность МАЖБП составляет 37,3%, причем рост отмечается среди не только пожилого, но и молодого населения, что создает долгосрочные риски для системы здравоохранения. Представления о патогенезе эволюционировали от линейной модели «двух ударов» до концепции множественных параллельно действующих факторов: дисфункция жировой ткани, хроническое воспаление, инсулинорезистентность, липотоксичность (накопление церамидов и диацилглицеролов), нарушение аутофагии и азотистого обмена. Особое внимание уделено гипераммониемии, развивающейся вследствие эпигенетического гиперметилирования и p53-опосредованного подавления ферментов цикла мочевины. Аммиак выступает активным патогенетическим фактором, стимулирующим активацию звездчатых клеток печени, фиброгенез и минимальную печеночную энцефалопатию уже на доцирротической стадии. Патогенетически обоснованная стратегия коррекции – применение L-орнитин-L-аспартата. Препарат снижает уровень аммиака, восстанавливает митохондриальный потенциал, уменьшает окислительный стресс, улучшает печеночную микроциркуляцию и липидный обмен. Систематический обзор 2026 г. (19 исследований, 1671 пациент) подтвердил эффективность L-орнитин-L-аспартата в уменьшении стеатоза, воспаления и фиброза печени, а также в нормализации трансаминаз и снижении жесткости печени по данным эластометрии. Для ранней метаболической поддержки предложен комбинированный нутрицевтик Гепастронг® Амино, содержащий L-орнитин, аргинин, метионин и холин. Его компоненты воздействуют на 3 ключевых звена: детоксикацию аммиака, липидный обмен (липотропный эффект) и функциональное состояние гепатоцитов. Представленные данные открывают новые перспективы персонализированной терапии МАЖБП с коррекцией гипераммониемии как важного драйвера прогрессирования заболевания, особенно на ранних стадиях до развития цирроза.</p> <p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease</kwd><kwd>steatohepatitis</kwd><kwd>liver fibrosis</kwd><kwd>L-ornithine</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>hyperammonemia</kwd><kwd>lipotoxicity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метаболически-ассоциированная жировая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>стеатогепатит</kwd><kwd>фиброз печени</kwd><kwd>L-орнитин</kwd><kwd>инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>гипераммониемия</kwd><kwd>липотоксичность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023;79(6):1542-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77(4):1335-47. DOI:10.1097/hep.0000000000000004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lee WH, Kipp ZA, et al. The physiology of MASLD: molecular pathways between liver and adipose tissues. Clin Sci (Lond). 2025;139(18):1015-46. DOI:10.1042/cs20257571</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Bahitham W, Banoun Y, Aljahdali M, et al. “Trust your gut”: exploring the connection between gut microbiome dysbiosis and the advancement of Metabolic Associated Steatosis Liver Disease (MASLD)/Metabolic Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH): a systematic review of animal and human studies. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1637071. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2025.1637071</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73-84. DOI:10.1002/hep.28431</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lonardo A, Byrne CD, Caldwell SH, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(4):1388-9. DOI:10.1002/hep.28584</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lim GEH, Tang A, Ng CH, et al. An observational data meta-analysis on the differences in prevalence and risk factors between MAFLD vs NAFLD. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(3):619-29.e7. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Chan KE, Koh TJL, Tang ASP, et al. Global prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review of 10 739 607 individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(9):2691-700. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgac321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Евстифеева С.Е., Шальнова С.А., Куценко В.А. и др. Распространенность неалкогольной жировой болезни печени среди населения трудоспособного возраста: связь с социально-демографическими показателями и поведенческими факторами риска (по данным ESSE RF-2). Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2022;21(9):3356-6 [Evstifeeva SE, Shalnova SA, Kutsenko VA, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among the working-age population: associations with socio-demographic indicators and behavioral risk factors (ESSE RF-2 data). Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2022;21(9):3356 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3356]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology. 1998;114(4):842-45. DOI:10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70599-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Chun TH, Hotary KB, Sabeh F, et al. A pericellular collagenase directs the 3-dimensional development of white adipose tissue. Cell. 2006;125(3):577-91. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.050</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Henegar C, Tordjman J, Achard V, et al. Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity. Genome Biol. 2008;9(1):R14. DOI:10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r14</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Halberg N, Khan T, Trujillo ME, et al. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Induces Fibrosis and Insulin Resistance in White Adipose Tissue. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29(16):4467-83. DOI:10.1128/MCB.00192-09</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Khan T, Muise ES, Iyengar P, et al. Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29(6):1575-91. DOI:10.1128/MCB.01300-08</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Lumeng CN, Saltiel AR. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2111-7. DOI:10.1172/JCI57132</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 1993;259(5091):87-91. DOI:10.1126/science.7678183</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Vachliotis ID, Polyzos SA. The Intriguing Roles of Cytokines in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Narrative Review. Curr Obes Rep. 2025;14(1):65. DOI:10.1007/s13679-025-00657-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Macrophage and inflammation in diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. World J Diabetes. 2025;16(9):110515. DOI:10.4239/wjd.v16.i9.110515</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Meshkani R, Adeli K. Hepatic insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem. 2009;42(13-14):1331-46. DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Engin A. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;960:443-67. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Bansal SK, Bansal MB. Pathogenesis of MASLD and MASH – role of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;59(Suppl 1):S10-22. DOI:10.1111/apt.17930</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Passos E, Pereira CD, Gonçalves IO, et al. Role of physical exercise on hepatic insulin, glucocorticoid and inflammatory signaling pathways in an animal model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci. 2015;123:51-60. DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Savage DB, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Disordered lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(2):507-20. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00024.2006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Li B, Piao S, Fu Y, et al. Lipid metabolism-MAFLD crosstalk: mechanisms and therapy. Front Endocrinol. 2026;17:1785178. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2026.1785178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Волынец Г.В., Хавкин А.И., Сергеенко Е.Ю. Аутофагия и неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени. Вопросы практической педиатрии. 2024;19(6):91-9 [Volynets GV, Khavkin AI, Sergeenko EYu. Autophagy and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Pract Pediatr. 2024;19(6):91-9 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.20953/1817-7646-2024-6-91-99</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Madrigal-Matute J, Cuervo AM. Regulation of liver metabolism by autophagy. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(2):328-39. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jakubek P, Pakula B, Rossmeisl M, et al. Autophagy alterations in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: the evidence from human studies. Intern Emerg Med. 2024;19(5):1473-91. DOI:10.1007/s11739-024-03700-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Hwang JS, Lai TH, Kim DR. Targeting Lipophagy in Liver Diseases: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Steatohepatitis. Antioxidants. 2025;14(8):908. DOI:10.3390/antiox14080908</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Xu R, Yang F, Zhang Zh, et al. ATP6V1B2 alleviates hepatic steatosis by promoting lysosomal acidification in hepatocytes. Cell Death Discov. 2026;12(1):170. DOI:10.1038/s41420-026-03052-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени: диагностика, наблюдение пациента и комплексная терапия. Алгоритмы диагностики и лечения. Терапия. 2024;10(9S):208-31 [Nealkogolnaia zhirovaia bolezn pecheni: diagnostika, nabliudenie patsienta i kompleksnaia terapiia. Algoritmy diagnostiki i lecheniia. Therapy. 2024;10(9S):208-31 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/therapy.2024.9suppl.208-231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Thomsen KL, Grønbæk H, Glavind E, et al. Experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compromises ureagenesis, an essential hepatic metabolic function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307(3):G295-301. DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>De Chiara F, Thomsen KL, Habtesion A, et al. Ammonia Scavenging Prevents Progression of Fibrosis in Experimental Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatology. 2020;71(3):874-92. DOI:10.1002/hep.30890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Eriksen PL, Vilstrup H, Rigbolt K, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease alters expression of genes governing hepatic nitrogen conversion. Liver Int. 2019;39(11):2094-101. DOI:10.1111/liv.14205</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Engelmann C, Tacke F. The Potential Role of Cellular Senescence in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):652. DOI:10.3390/ijms23020652</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Li L, Mao Y, Zhao L, et al. p53 regulation of ammonia metabolism through urea cycle controls polyamine biosynthesis. Nature. 2019;567(7748):253-6. DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-0996-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Simon J, Nunez-Garcia M, Fernandez-Tussy P, et al. Targeting hepatic glutaminase 1 ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by restoring very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride assembly. Cell Metab. 2020;31(3):605-22. DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Du K, Chitneni SK, Suzuki A, et al. Increased glutaminolysis marks active scarring in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;10(1):1-21. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.12.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Yan M, Cui Y, Xiang Q. Metabolism of hepatic stellate cells in chronic liver diseases: emerging molecular and therapeutic interventions. Theranostics. 2025;15(5):1715-40. DOI:10.7150/thno.106597</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Jalan R, De Chiara F, Balasubramaniyan V, et al. Ammonia produces pathological changes in human hepatic stellate cells and is a target for therapy of portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):823-33. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Gao G, Yu Z, Yan J, et al. Lowering blood ammonia prevents hepatocyte injury and apoptosis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(8):12347-55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Felipo V, Butterworth RF. Neurobiology of ammonia. Prog Neurobiol. 2002;67(4):259-79. DOI:10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00019-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Ochoa-Sanchez R, Tamnanloo F, Rose CF. Hepatic Encephalopathy: From Metabolic to Neurodegenerative. Neurochem Res. 2021;46(12):3103-22. DOI:10.1007/s11064-021-03418-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Sen BK, Pan K, Chakravarty A. Hepatic Encephalopathy: Current Thoughts on Pathophysiology and Management. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2025;25(1):28. DOI:10.1007/s11910-025-01415-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Brusilow SW, Koehler RC, Traystman RJ, Cooper AJ. Astrocyte glutamine synthetase: importance in hyperammonemic syndromes and potential target for therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(4):452-70. DOI:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>He Q, Mao C, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2024;25(2):84-92. DOI:10.1016/j.ajg.2024.01.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Dasarathy S, Merli M. Sarcopenia from mechanism to diagnosis and treatment in liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;65(6):1232-44. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Canbay A, Götze O, Kucukoglu O, et al. l-Ornithine-l-Aspartate (LOLA) Normalizes Metabolic Parameters in Models of Steatosis, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(4):506. DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics16040506</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Sisalli MJ, Della Notte S, Secondo A, et al. L-Ornithine L-Aspartate Restores Mitochondrial Function and Modulates Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in Parkinson's Disease Models. Cells. 2022;11(18):2909. DOI:10.3390/cells11182909</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Gieseler R, Goetze O, Kücükoglu O, et al. Towards Establishing L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate as a Potential Basic Medication for Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Z Gastroenterol. 2025;63(01):e43. DOI:10.1055/s-0044-1801123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Butterworth RF, Canbay A. Hepatoprotection by L-Ornithine L-Aspartate in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dig Dis. 2019;37(1):63-8. DOI:10.1159/000491429</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Datsko V, Loi H, Datsko T, et al. Nitric oxide-mediated effects of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in acute toxic liver injury. Pharmacia. 2022;69(2):527-34. DOI:10.3897/pharmacia.69.e83067</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Ермолова Т., Ермолов С. Коррекция нарушений внутрипеченочной микроциркуляции L-орнитин-L-аспартатом у пациентов с хроническими заболеваниями печени. Гастроэнтерология Санкт-Петербурга. 2018;2:64 [Ermolova T, Ermolov S. Korrektsiia narushenii vnutripechenochnoi mikrotsirkuliatsii L-ornitin-L-aspartatom u patsientov s khronicheskimi zabolevaniiami pecheni. Gastroenterologiia Sankt-Peterburga. 2018;2:64 (in Russian)]. EDN:XQXDVZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Ismaiel A, Ciornolutchii V, Popa SL, Dumitrascu DL. Can ammonia scavenging treat MASLD? Evaluating the evidence for L-ornithine L-aspartate – A systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest. 2026;56(2):e70185. DOI:10.1111/eci.70185</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Butterworth RF. L-Ornithine L-Aspartate for the Treatment of Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease: The Taming of a Vicious Cycle. Int J Hepatol. 2019;2019:8182195. DOI:10.1155/2019/8182195</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Kaur N, Dhiman RK, Narang A, et al. An Observational Study to Evaluate the Effect of L-ornithine L-aspartate in Patients With Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy Receiving Lactulose and Rifaximin. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e89949. DOI:10.7759/cureus.89949</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma P, Sharma BC, Puri V, Sarin SK. A randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics, and L-ornithine L-aspartate in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23(8):725-32. DOI:10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834696f5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Vallianou NG, Kounatidis D, Psallida S, et al. Choline and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2024;16(12):1918. DOI:10.3390/nu16121918</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Jung YS. Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in the Liver: A Link between Hepatic Injury and Recovery. Biol Pharm Bull. 2015;38(7):971-4. DOI:10.1248/bpb.b15-00244</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Powell CL, Bradford BU, Craig CP, et al. Mechanism for prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury by dietary methyl donors. Toxicol Sci. 2010;115(1):131-9. DOI:10.1093/toxsci/kfq031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Murane N, Sprudza KL, Ivanova J, Zalizko P. Complex of Amino Acids, Choline, and B-Group Vitamins for the Improvement of Early-Stage Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Health. 2025;17(8):1252-71. DOI:10.4236/health.2025.1710083</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
