<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">707939</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20751753.2026.6.203720</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Relevant adverse effects of systemic isotretinoin in acne vulgaris treatment: strategies for prevention and management in clinical practice. A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Актуальные нежелательные явления системного изотретиноина при лечении вульгарных акне: стратегии профилактики и коррекции в клинической практике</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-0981</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5423-8683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Roman A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Роман Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>isxiks@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Children's Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">DERMATOLOGY: POSTOPERATIVE SKIN SCARRING AND ALLERGOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ДЕРМАТОЛОГИЯ: ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННЫЕ РУБЦОВЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОЖИ И АЛЛЕРГОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>456</fpage><lpage>464</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/707939">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/707939</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Isotretinoin is the treatment of choice for moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris, however, its use is predictably accompanied by a wide spectrum of adverse effects (AEs), primarily affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Their development is primarily driven by RAR(retinoic acid receptors)-γ-mediated dysfunction of sebaceous and other exocrine glands, disruption of keratinocyte terminal differentiation with consequent thinning of the stratum corneum and hydrolipid mantle, increased transepidermal water loss, and reduced stratum corneum hydration. This literature review provides a systematic overview of current evidence on the pathomechanisms, clinical features, and management strategies for mucocutaneous toxicity of systemic isotretinoin. Beyond the most common AEs – cheilitis, xerosis, photosensitivity, and retinoid dermatitis – the review addresses meibomian gland dysfunction, dryness of the mucous membranes, isotretinoin-induced skin fragility, telogen effluvium and periungual pyogenic granulomas. The majority of isotretinoin-induced mucocutaneous adverse effects have been shown to be dose-dependent and potentially reversible, responding well to lifestyle modification, specialized emollient therapy, and daily omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Where required, targeted pharmacological intervention with topical anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and other agents is indicated. Furthermore, accumulated clinical evidence indicates that low-dose and "step-up/step-down" isotretinoin regimens achieve clinical outcomes non-inferior to conventional high-dose regimens in acne vulgaris management, while offering a substantially more favorable safety profile and greater patient adherence – supporting their preferential use across the majority of clinical settings. Additional clinical value is provided by evidence-based management recommendations for the principal cutaneous and mucosal AEs, presented in a structured tabular format, the implementation of which allows clinicians to achieve high treatment outcomes in patients with acne vulgaris without the need for dose modification or discontinuation of therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изотретиноин является препаратом выбора для лечения вульгарных акне умеренной–тяжелой формы, однако его применение закономерно сопровождается широким спектром нежелательных явлений (НЯ), в первую очередь со стороны кожи и слизистых оболочек. Ведущую роль в их развитии играют RAR-γ(retinoic acid receptor γ – γ-рецептор ретиноевой кислоты)-опосредованное изменение функции сальных и других экзокринных желез, нарушение терминальной дифференцировки кератиноцитов с истончением рогового слоя и гидролипидной мантии, повышение уровня трансэпидермальной потери воды и снижение гидратации рогового слоя. Обзор литературы посвящен систематизации актуальных данных о патомеханизмах, клинических проявлениях и методах коррекции проявлений кожно-слизистой токсичности системного изотретиноина. Помимо таких распространенных НЯ, как хейлит, ксероз, фотосенсибилизация и ретиноидный дерматит, рассмотрены вопросы дисфункции мейбомиевых желез, проблемы сухости слизистых оболочек, описано состояние хрупкой кожи, а также приведены аспекты ведения пациентов с телогеновой алопецией и пиогенными гранулемами околоногтевых валиков, индуцированными системным изотретиноином. Продемонстрировано, что большинство проявлений кожно-слизистой токсичности изотретиноина носят дозозависимый и потенциально обратимый характер, а также успешно корректируются с помощью модификации образа жизни, применения специализированных эмолентов и ежедневного приема омега-3 жирных кислот, а при необходимости проводится целенаправленная медикаментозная терапия с использованием топических противовоспалительных, противомикробных и ряда других лекарственных препаратов. Вместе с тем накопленные клинические данные свидетельствуют о том, что низкодозовые и «ступенчатые» режимы изотретиноина обеспечивают клиническую эффективность, не уступающую «традиционным» высокодозовым схемам в лечении вульгарных акне, при значительно более благоприятном профиле безопасности и более высокой приверженности пациентов лечению, что определяет их предпочтительность в большинстве клинических сценариев. Дополнительную практическую ценность работы представляют структурированные в табличном формате современные рекомендации по терапии основных НЯ со стороны кожи и слизистых оболочек, применение которых позволяет в полной мере реализовать терапевтический потенциал системного изотретиноина и добиться высоких результатов лечения у пациентов с вульгарными акне без необходимости изменения дозового режима или вынужденной отмены препарата.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acne vulgaris</kwd><kwd>isotretinoin</kwd><kwd>drug-related side effects and adverse reactions</kwd><kwd>emollients</kwd><kwd>retinoic acid receptors</kwd><kwd>skin physiological phenomena</kwd><kwd>dermatitis</kwd><kwd>treatment outcome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вульгарные акне</kwd><kwd>изотретиноин</kwd><kwd>нежелательные явления</kwd><kwd>эмоленты</kwd><kwd>RAR-рецепторы</kwd><kwd>барьерная функция</kwd><kwd>дерматит</kwd><kwd>результаты лечения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «ЯДРАН»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Jadran-galenski laboratorij d.d. JGL d.d.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The paper was prepared with the financial support of Jadran-galenski laboratorij d.d. JGL d.d.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Материал подготовлен при финансовой поддержке ООО «ЯДРАН»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Jisa TA, Rahat MTI, Sumi MSA, et al. Prevalence of Acne and Its Impact on Quality of Life, Social Appearance Anxiety and Treatment Practices Among Young Adults. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2026;25(1):e70654. DOI:10.1111/jocd.70654</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Аравийская Е.Р., Мурашкин Н.Н., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Иванов Р.А. Современные представления о патогенезе, особенностях клинической картины, диагностике и терапевтической тактике вульгарных акне у детей и подростков. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2020;19(6):408-19 [Araviiskaia ER, Murashkin NN, Namazova-Baranova LS, Ivanov RA. Modern Outlooks on Pathogenesis, Clinical Picture, Diagnosis and Management of Acne Vulgaris in Children and Adolescents. Current Pediatrics. 2020;19(6):408-19 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15690/vsp.v19i6.2141</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Guguluș DL, Vâță D, Popescu IA, et al. The Epidemiology of Acne in the Current Era: Trends and Clinical Implications. Cosmetics. 2025;12(3):106. DOI:10.3390/cosmetics12030106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;90(5):1006.e1-30. DOI:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Акне вульгарные. Клинические рекомендации Российского общества дерматовенерологов и косметологов. М., 2026. МКБ-10: L70. Режим доступа: https://cnikvi.ru/docs/klinicheskie-rekomendacii/КР%20Акне,%202026.docx. Ссылка активна на 24.05.2026 [Akne vul'garnye. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii Rossiiskogo obshchestva dermatovenerologov i kosmetologov. Moscow, 2026. MKB-10: L70. Available at: https://cnikvi.ru/docs/klinicheskie-rekomendacii/KR%20Akne,%202026.docx. Accessed: 24.05.2026 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Wysowski DK, Swann J, Vega A. Use of isotretinoin (Accutane) in the United States: rapid increase from 1992 through 2000. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(4):505-9. DOI:10.1067/mjd.2002.120529</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Vanchinathan V, Hartmann M, Contreras NM, et al. Clinical practice style is associated with greater isotretinoin use for acne in an integrated health system: An ecological study. JAAD Int. 2026;24:166-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jdin.2025.10.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Quinlan D, Sahm L, O'Keeffe L, et al. Competencies and clinical guidelines for managing acne with isotretinoin in general practice: a scoping review. Br J Gen Pract. 2025;75(758):e597-606. DOI:10.3399/BJGP.2025.0135</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Marson JW, Baldwin HE. Isotretinoin update. Dermatological Reviews. 2021;2(6):331-42. DOI:10.1002/der2.100</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Kapała J, Lewandowska J, Placek W, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A. Adverse Events in Isotretinoin Therapy: A Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11):6463. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19116463</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Feszak IJ, Brzeziński P, Feszak S, et al. Isotretinoin Treatment for Acne Vulgaris: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Clinical and Biochemical Adverse Effects. J Clin Med. 2025;14(18):6473. DOI:10.3390/jcm14186473</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Dréno B, Zouboulis CC, Tan J, et al. Role of Retinoic Acid Receptor Subtypes in the Pathophysiology of Acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(6):608-14. DOI:10.36849/JDD.7235</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gudas LJ. Retinoid metabolism: new insights. J Mol Endocrinol. 2022;69(4):T37-49. DOI:10.1530/JME-22-0082</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Melnik BC. Apoptosis May Explain the Pharmacological Mode of Action and Adverse Effects of Isotretinoin, Including Teratogenicity. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(2):173-81. DOI:10.2340/00015555-2535</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Hassan RE, et al. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of RARA gene on the adverse effects profile of isotretinoin-treated acne patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;51(8):631-40. DOI:10.5414/CP201874</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Daly AU, Baptista Gonçalves R, Lau E, et al. A systematic review of isotretinoin dosing in acne vulgaris. JEADV Clinical Practice. 2023;2(3):432-49. DOI:10.1002/jvc2.154</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Modzelewski W, Borowska D. Isotretinoin dosing in acne vulgaris: consensus or conviction? Med Sci. 2025;29(163):1-8. DOI:10.54905/disssi.v29i163.e181ms3673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Lin L, Lin W, Zheng Y, Cai H. Effectiveness and safety of different dosing regimens of isotretinoin for acne vulgaris: a systematic review. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2025;42(4):346-53. DOI:10.5114/ada.2025.153322</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Legiawati L, Fahira A, Taufiqqurrachman I, et al. Low-Dose versus Conventional-dose Oral Isotretinoin Regimens: A Systematic Review on Randomized Controlled Comparative Studies of Different Regimens. Curr Drug Saf. 2023;18(3):297-306. DOI:10.2174/1574886317666220613162225</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Fallah H, Rademaker M. Isotretinoin for acne vulgaris – an update on adverse effects and laboratory monitoring. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(5):2414-24. DOI:10.1080/09546634.2021.1967269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kandhari R. Isotretinoin: an updated review on the profile of its side-effects and the management. Egypt J Dermat Vener. 43(1):1. DOI:10.4103/ejdv.ejdv_10_22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mohn CH, Blix HS, Brænd AM, et al. Prevalence of Isotretinoin Therapy in Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Atopic Dermatitis: A Nationwide Prescription-based Population Study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:9424. DOI:10.2340/actadv.v103.9424</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lee DD, Stojadinovic O, Krzyzanowska A, et al. Retinoid-responsive transcriptional changes in epidermal keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol. 2009;220(2):427-39. DOI:10.1002/jcp.21784</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Melnik BC. Acne Transcriptomics: Fundamentals of Acne Pathogenesis and Isotretinoin Treatment. Cells. 2023;12(22):2600. DOI:10.3390/cells12222600</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Narsa AC, Suhandi C, Afidika J, et al. A Comprehensive Review of the Strategies to Reduce Retinoid-Induced Skin Irritation in Topical Formulation. Dermatol Res Pract. 2024;2024:5551774. DOI:10.1155/2024/5551774</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Schmuth M, Eckmann S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, et al. Skin Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144(5):989-1000.e1. DOI:10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Borovaya A, Dombrowski Y, Zwicker S, et al. Isotretinoin therapy changes the expression of antimicrobial peptides in acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306(8):689-700. DOI:10.1007/s00403-014-1477-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Bettoli V, Guerra-Tapia A, Herane MI, Piquero-Martín J. Challenges and Solutions in Oral Isotretinoin in Acne: Reflections on 35 Years of Experience. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12:943-51. DOI:10.2147/CCID.S234231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Bozkurt B, Irkeç MT, Atakan N, et al. Lacrimal function and ocular complications in patients treated with systemic isotretinoin. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002;12(3):173-6. DOI:10.1177/112067210201200316</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Shang J, Feng X, Chen Y, et al. Human lip vermilion: Physiology and age-related changes. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23(8):2676-80. DOI:10.1111/jocd.16317</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Reyes-Hadsall S, Ju T, Keri JE. Use of Oral Supplements and Topical Adjuvants for Isotretinoin-Associated Side Effects: A Narrative Review. Skin Appendage Disord. 2024;10(1):1-9. DOI:10.1159/000533963</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Zainab Z, Malik NA, Obaid S, et al. Effectiveness Of Oral Omega 3 In Reducing Mucocutaneous Side Effects Of Oral Isotretinoin In Patients With Acne Vulgaris. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2021;33(1):60-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Аравийская Е.Р., Мурашкин Н.Н., Иванов Р.А. Вульгарные акне у подростков: научное обоснование оптимизации схем лечения с помощью средств дерматокосметики. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2024;23(5):285-94 [Araviyskaya ER, Murashkin NN, Ivanov RA. Acne Vulgaris in Adolescents: Scientific Evidence for Optimizing Treatment Regimens via Dermatocosmetics. Current Pediatrics. 2024;23(5):285-94 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15690/vsp.v23i5.2801</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Tahiliani ST, Saraf VV, Jadhav SP, et al. Evaluation of effectiveness and tolerability of a moisturiser as an adjuvant to isotretinoin therapy for acne: a real-world evidence. Int J Res Dermatol. 2023;9(2):67-72. DOI:10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20230453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Тлиш М.М., Шавилова М.Е. Современные возможности профилактики и коррекции осложнений системной терапии тяжелых форм акне. Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 2019;95(2):87-93 [Tlish MM, Shavilova ME. Modern approaches to the prevention and correction of complications caused by systemic treatment of severe acne forms. Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii. 2019;95(2):87-93 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-2-87-93</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Girdwichai N, Chanprapaph K, Vachiramon V. Behaviors and Attitudes Toward Cosmetic Treatments Among Men. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(3):42-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Мурашкин Н.Н., Павлова Е.С., Епишев Р.В., и др. Эффективность и безопасность применения пимекролимуса в лечении атопического дерматита у детей. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2024;23(5):280-4 [Murashkin NN, Pavlova ES, Epishev RV, et al. Pimecrolimus Efficacy and Safety in Management of Children with Atopic Dermatitis. Current Pediatrics. 2024;23(5):280-4 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15690/vsp.v23i5.2802</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Ключарева С.В., Иванов Р.А. Пиодермии в амбулаторной практике врача-дерматовенеролога-косметолога: актуальные вопросы и современные подходы к эффективной терапии (серия клинических случаев). Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2026;25(2):260-70 [Klyuchareva SV, Ivanov RA. Pyoderma in the outpatient practice of a dermatovenereologist-cosmetologist: current issues and modern approaches to effective therapy (a series of clinical cases). Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology. 2026;25(2):260-70 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.17116/klinderma202625021260</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Williams RE, Doherty VR, Perkins W, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and intra-nasal mupirocin in patients receiving isotretinoin for acne. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126(4):362-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00679.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Ghali H, Albers SE. Isotretinoin-Induced Skin Fragility in an Aerialist. Cutis. 2024;114(1):32-3. DOI:10.12788/cutis.1042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kim MY, Lee SE, Chang JY, Kim SC. Retinoid Induces the Degradation of Corneodesmosomes and Downregulation of Corneodesmosomal Cadherins: Implications on the Mechanism of Retinoid-induced Desquamation. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(4):439-47. DOI:10.5021/ad.2011.23.4.439</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Takci Z, Simsek GG, Karabulut H, et al. Effect of systemic isotretinoin therapy on mucociliary clearance and nasal surface mucosa in acne patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(8):e124-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Tasli H, Yurekli A, Gokgoz MC, Karakoc O. Effects of oral isotretinoin therapy on the nasal cavities. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(1):99-104. DOI:10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.10.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Almuzaini HI, Alamri AS, Almuzaini RI. Isotretinoin-induced epistaxis among acne vulgaris patients: A cross sectional study from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2024;45(12):1347-54. DOI:10.15537/smj.2024.45.12.20240791</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Namaeh M. Systemic Medications and Their Ocular Side Effects. Cureus. 2024;16(12):e74976. DOI:10.7759/cureus.74976</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Zakrzewska A, Wiącek MP, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, et al. The Effect of Oral Isotretinoin Therapy on Meibomian Gland Characteristics in Patients with Acne Vulgaris. Ophthalmol Ther. 2023;12(4):2187-97. DOI:10.1007/s40123-023-00737-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Kam KW, Di Zazzo A, De Gregorio C, et al. A review on drug-induced dry eye disease. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023;71(4):1263-69. DOI:10.4103/IJO.IJO_2782_22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Demir K, Uzun F. The impact of systemic isotretinoin treatment on the tear film, meibomian glands, and corneal endothelium. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2024;43(3):176-81. DOI:10.1080/15569527.2024.2366856</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Lamberg O, Strome A, Jones F, et al. Ocular side effects of systemic isotretinoin – a systematic review and summary of case reports. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023;34(1):2213364. DOI:10.1080/09546634.2023.2213364</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Cudziło Z, Sternik M, Letkiewicz J, et al. Exploring the unseen: Side effects of isotretinoin on the perianal and perigenital regions. Forum Dermatologicum. 2025;11(3):129-37. DOI:10.5603/fd.105423</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Scully C. Drug effects on salivary glands: dry mouth. Oral Dis. 2003;9(4):165-76. DOI:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.03967.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Marzola E, Pedarzani E, Valpiani G, et al. Real-World Safety of Oral Isotretinoin in Patients During Sunny Months: Retrospective Cohort Study. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2025;15(4):e20255612. DOI:10.5826/dpc.1504a5612</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Yazici AC, Baz K, Ikizoglu G. Recurrent herpes labialis during isotretinoin therapy: is there a role for photosensitivity? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(1):93-5. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01358.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Yigit D, Karaosmanoglu N. Nail changes in patients receiving systemic isotretinoin therapy. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):25561. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-77185-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Benedetto C, Crasto D, Ettefagh L, Nami N. Development of Periungual Pyogenic Granuloma with Associated Paronychia Following Isotretinoin Therapy: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019;12(4):32-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Piraccini BM, Bellavista S, Misciali C, et al. Periungual and subungual pyogenic granuloma. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(5):941-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09906.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>İslamoğlu ZGK, Altınyazar HC. Effects of isotretinoin on the hair cycle. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(2):647-51. DOI:10.1111/jocd.12800</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Lytvyn Y, McDonald K, Mufti A, Beecker J. Comparing the frequency of isotretinoin-induced hair loss at &lt; 0.5-mg/kg/d versus ≥ 0.5-mg/kg/d dosing in acne patients: A systematic review. JAAD International. 2022;6:125-42. DOI:10.1016/j.jdin.2022.01.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Hussein RS, Dayel SB. Telogen Effluvium, Diagnosis and Management: A Narrative Review. Int J Biomed. 2023;13(1):26-30. DOI:10.21103/Article13(1)_RA4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Kandhari S, Thomas J, Khunger N, et al. Expert Consensus on the Rational Approach to Isotretinoin Usage for Effective Management of Acne: ERAISE ACNE Recommendations. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2026;16(6):2607-38. DOI:10.1007/s13555-026-01681-6</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
