<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-1753</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-2170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">95010</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/2075-1753_2018.2.50-58</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Treatment of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia: pentoxifylline in focus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лечение пациентов с хроническими расстройствами мозгового кровообращения: в фокусе пентоксифиллин</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chugunov</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чугунов</surname><given-names>Александр Вильмирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. неврологии, нейрохирургии и медицинской генетики лечебного фак-та</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamchatnov</surname><given-names>P. R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камчатнов</surname><given-names>Павел Рудольфович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф. каф. неврологии и нейрохирургии с курсом фак-та усовершенствования врачей лечебного фак-та</p></bio><email>pavkam7@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakov</surname><given-names>A. Yu</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаков</surname><given-names>Алексей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umarova</surname><given-names>Kh. Ya</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умарова</surname><given-names>Хади Ясуевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abieva</surname><given-names>A. R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абиева</surname><given-names>Амалия Раидиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант каф. неврологии, нейрохирургии и медицинской генетики лечебного фак-та</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Scientific Medical Center of Professor Umarova Kh.Ya</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «НМЦ профессора Умаровой Х.Я.»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 20, NO2 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 20, №2 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/95010">https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/95010</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is a common cause of cognitive impairment and decrease in self-sufficiency. CCI development is associated with small and large vessels damage, microcirculation disorders and systemic hemodynamic disturbances. A sufficient level of cerebral blood flow support may slow down the disease progression. The article considers the possibilities of Vasonit (pentoxifylline) use in patients with CCI treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Хронические расстройства мозгового кровообращения (ХРМК) - частая причина развития когнитивных нарушений и последующей утраты способности к самообслуживанию. Развитие ХРМК связано с поражением сосудов как малого, так и крупного калибра, расстройствами микроциркуляции, нарушением системной гемодинамики. Обеспечение достаточного уровня церебрального кровотока способно замедлить прогрессирование заболевания. Рассматриваются возможности применения препарата Вазонит (пентоксифиллин) при лечении больных с ХРМК.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic cerebral ischemia</kwd><kwd>discirculatory encephalopathy</kwd><kwd>microcirculation</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>pentoxifylline</kwd><kwd>Vasonit</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая ишемия головного мозга</kwd><kwd>дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия</kwd><kwd>микроциркуляция</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>пентоксифиллин</kwd><kwd>Вазонит</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Гусев Е.И., Скворцова В.И. Ишемия головного мозга. М.: Медицина, 2001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lammie G, Brannan F, Slattery J, Warlow C. Nonhypertensive cerebral small-vessel disease. An autopsy study. Stroke 1997; 28 (11): 2222-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9 (7): 689-701.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang M, Chen M, Wang Q et al. Relationship between cerebral microbleeds and cognitive function in lacunar infarct. J Int Med Res 2013; 41 (2): 347-55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Жетишев Р.Р., Михайлова Н.А., Камчатнов П.Р., Иващенко Р.А. Асимптомные инфаркты головного мозга: факторы риска и когнитивные нарушения. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С.Корсакова. Инсульт. 2014; 3 (2): 3-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>De la Torre J. Cardiovascular risk factors promote brain hypoperfusion leading to cognitive decline and dementia. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2012; 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Palacio S, McClure L, Benavente O et al. Lacunar strokes in patients with diabetes mellitus: risk factors, infarct location, and prognosis: the secondary prevention of small subcortical strokes study. Stroke 2014; 45 (9): 2689-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Cai Z, Wang C, He W et al. Cerebral small vessel disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10: 1695-704.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Blinder P, Tsai P, Kaufhold J et al. The cortical angiome: an interconnected vascular network with noncolumnar patterns of blood flow. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16: 889-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Nishimura N, Rosidi N, Iadecola C, Schaffer C. Limitations of collateral flow after occlusion of a single cortical penetrating arteriole. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30: 1914-27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Sörös P, Whitehead S, Spence J, Hachinski V. Antihypertensive treatment can prevent stroke and cognitive decline. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9: 174-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Riba-Llena I, Nafría C, Mundet X et al. Assessment of enlarged perivascular spaces and their relation to target organ damage and mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23: 1044-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Derosa G, Maffioli Р. A review about biomarkers for the investigation of vascular function and impairment in diabetes mellitus. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2016; 12: 415-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Kampoli A, Tousoulis D, Briasoulis A et al. Potential pathogenic inflammatory mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17 (37): 4147-58.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Zwanenburg J, van Osch M. Targeting Cerebral Small Vessel Disease With MRI. Stroke 2017; 48: 3175-82.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Ding J, Sigurðsson S, Jónsson P et al. Large Perivascular Spaces Visible on Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Progression, and Risk of Dementia. The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74 (9): 1105-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>McLauchlan D, Malik G, Robertson N. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: subtypes, treatment and role in cognitive impairment. J Neurol 2017; 264: 2184-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hilal S, Mok V, Youn Y et al. Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of cerebral small vessel diseases: data from three Asian countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2017; 88 (8): 45-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Iadecola C. The pathobiology of vascular dementia. Neuron 2013; 80 (4): 844-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Cooper L, Woodard T, Sigurdsson S et al. Cerebrovascular Damage Mediates Relations Between Aortic Stiffness and Memory. Hypertension 2016; 67: 176-82.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Nichols W, O’Rourke M. McDonalds’s blood flow in arteries: theoretical, experimental and clinical principles, 5th edn. Hodder Arnold Publishing, London. 2005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kollias A, Lagou S, Zeniodi M et al. Association of central versus brachial blood pressure with target-organ damage: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2016; 67 (1): 183-90.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Barnes J, Harvey R, Zuk S et al. Aortic hemodynamics and white matter hyperintensities in normotensive postmenopausal women. J Neurol 2017; 264: 938.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Townsend R, Black H, Chirinos J et al. Clinical use of pulse wave analysis: proceedings from a symposium sponsored by North American artery. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17 (7): 503-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Webb A, Simoni M, Mazzucco S et al. Increased cerebral arterial pulsatility in patients with leukoaraiosis: arterial stiffness enhances transmission of aortic pulsatility. Stroke 2012; 43 (10): 2631-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Pase M, Himali J, Mitchell G et al. Association of aortic stiffness with cognition and brain aging in young and middle-aged adults: the Framingham third generation cohort study. Hypertension 2016; 67 (3): 513-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Davis K, Pearson H, Moat S et al. Acute hyperhomocysteinaemia affects pulse pressure but not microvascular vasodilator function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 52 (3): 327-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Plotnikov M.F, Aliev O.I, Nosarev A.V et al. Relationship between arterial blood pressure and blood viscosity in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with pentoxifylline. Biorheology 2016; 53 (2): 93-107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Plotnikov M.B, Aliev O.I, Shamanaev A.Y et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on hemodynamic, hemorheological, and microcirculatory parameters in young SHRs during arterial hypertension development. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39 (6): 570-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Brie D, Sahebkar A, Penson P et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2016; 34 (12): 2318-29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Banihani S.A, Abu-Alhayjaa R, Amarin Z, Alzoubi K. Pentoxifylline increases the level of nitric oxide produced by human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2018; 50 (2). DOI: 10.1111/and.12859</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Laurat E, Poirier B, Tupin E et al. In vivo dowregulation of T helper cell 1 immune responses reduces atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 2001; 104: 197-202.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Samardzic T, Jankovic V, Stosic-Grujicic S et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits the synthesis and IFN-gamma-inducing activity of IL-18. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124: 274-81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Dolatabadi H, Zarrindast M, Reisi P, Nasehi M. The Effects of Pentoxifylline on Serum Levels of Interleukin 10 and Interferon Gamma and Memory Function in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammation in Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6: 110-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Savas S, Delibas N, Savas C et al. Pentoxifylline reduces biochemical markers of ischemia-reperfusion induced spinal cord injury in rabbits. Spinal Cord 2002; 40: 224-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Bruno R, Marques T, Batista T et al. Pentoxifylline treatment improves neurological and neurochemical deficits in rats subjected to transient brain ischemia. Brain Res 2009 13; 1260: 55-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Movassaghi S, Nadia Sharifi Z, Soleimani M et al. Effect of Pentoxifylline on Ischemia- induced Brain Damage and Spatial Memory Impairment in Rat. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2012; 15 (5): 1083-90.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Sari S, Hashemi M, Mahdian R et al. The Effect of Pentoxifylline on bcl-2 Gene Expression Changes in Hippocampus after Ischemia-Reperfusion in Wistar Rats by a Quatitative RT-PCR Method. Iran J Pharm Res 2013; 12 (3): 495-501.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Vakili A, Mojarrad S, Akhavan M, Rashidy-Pour A. Pentoxifylline attenuates TNF-a protein levels and brain edema following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1377: 119-25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Vakili A, Khorasani Z. Post-ischemic treatment of pentoxifylline reduces cortical not striatal infarct volume in transient model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Brain Res 2007; 1144: 186-91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Park J.H, Kim S.E, Jin JJ et al. Pentoxifylline Alleviates Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemia-Induced Short-term Memory Impairment by Suppressing Apoptosis in the Hippocampus of Rat Pups. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20 (2): 107-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Xia D.Y, Zhang H.S, Wu L.Y et al. Pentoxifylline Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats: Possibly via Inhibiting TLR 4/NF-kB Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2017; 42 (4): 963-74.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Dong J, Yuan X, Xie W. Pentoxifylline exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral ischemia reperfusion induced injury in a rat model via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17 (1): 1141-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Bath P.M, Bath-Hextall F.J. Pentoxifylline, propentofylline and pentifylline for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 3: CD000162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Sha M.C, Callahan C.M. The efficacy of pentoxifylline in the treatment of vascular dementia: a systematic review. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2003; 17 (1): 46-54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Бойко А.Н., Камчатнов П.Р., Чугунов А.В. и др. Патогенетический подход к лечению больных с вертебрально-базилярной недостаточностью. Врач. 2005; 11: 7-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Roman G. Perspectives in the treatment of vascular dementia. Drugs Today (Barc) 2000; 36 (9): 641-53.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>McCarty M, O'Keefe J, Di Nicolantonio J. Pentoxifylline for vascular health: a brief review of the literature. Open Heart 2016; 3 (1): e000365.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Teruya R, Fagundes D, Oshima C et al. effects of pentoxifylline into the kidneys of rats in a model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury. Acta Cir Bras 2008; 23 (1): 29-35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Inal M, Kanbak G. Prevention of ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative injury in liver by allopurinol and pentoxifylline. Transplantationsmedizin 2006; 18: 29-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Banfi C, Sironi L, De Simoni G et al. Pentoxifylline prevents spontaneous brain ischemia in stroke-prone rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310 (3): 890-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Pentoxifylline is as effective as captopril in the reduction of microalbuminuria in non-hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients - a randomized, equivalent trial. Clin Nephrol 2005; 64 (2): 91-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Liu D, Wang L, Li H et al. Pentoxifylline plus ACEIs/ARBs for proteinuria and kidney function in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2017; 45 (2): 383-98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang X, Zhou S, Yao J et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in proteinuric chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol 2016; 29 (5): 653-62.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Incandela L, Cesarone M.R, Belcaro G et al. Treatment of vascular inner ear disease with pentoxifylline: a 4-week, controlled, randomized trial. Angiology 2002; 53 (Suppl. 1): S19-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Kiris M, Cankaya H, Icli M, Kutluhan A. Retrospective analysis of our cases with sudden hearing loss. J Otolaryngol 2003; 32 (6): 384-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Gouveris H, Mewes T, Maurer J, Mann W. Steroid and vasoactive treatment for acute deafness after attempted hearing preservation acoustic neuroma surgery. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2005; 67 (1): 30-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>De Barros F, Penido N, Ramos H et al. Audiological evaluation of twenty patients receiving pentoxifylline and prednisone after sudden deafness: prospective study. Int Tinnitus J 2003; 9 (1): 17-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Echarri R.M, Rivera T, Mate M.A, Cobeta I. Sudden deafness: efficacy of a therapeutic protocol. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2000; 51 (6): 490-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Ueno M, Ferreiro J, Tomasello S et al. Impact of pentoxifylline on platelet function profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. JACC Cardiovasc Int 2011; 4 (8): 905-12.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
